Proteins, Carbohydrates and lipids

Question 1

What are proteins made of and how many types?

Answer 1

Proteins are composed of long chains of amino acids. 22 different amino acids used in proteins. They contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen (some containing sulfur).

Question 2

What are proteins held together by?

Answer 2

Strong peptide bonds.

Question 3

Each proteins has its own special shape…….

Answer 3

The order in which the amino acids are arranged is called the primary structure.
Some chains coil up or fold into pleats that are held by weak forces of chemical attraction called hydrogen bonds.The coils and pleats are the secondary structure of a protein.
The tertiary structure is a coiled chain of amino acids folded into a ball that’s held by hydrogen bonds (weak), and disulfide bonds (strong). It is called a globular protein.

Question 4

What are the 3 elements in a carbohydrate?

Answer 4

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Sugars are small, water soluble molecules that are sweet.
Divided into groups: monosaccharides (singular unit e.g. Glucose and fructose) and disaccharides (two monosaccharides joined together by a chemical reaction)

Question 5

Polysaccharides are….

Answer 5

polymers.
Starch molecules are made up of two different polysaccharides- amylose and amylopectin (polymers of glucose)
Insoluble, compact starch molecules = ideal way of Storing glucose.
Starch only found in plant cells

Question 6

Cellulose is…

Answer 6

A polysaccharide. 
Polymer of glucose 
Molecules =long and straight 
Lie side by side to form microfibrils (strengthen cell walls) 
Held together by week hydrogen bonds 
Only found in plant cells

Question 7

Lipids are…

Answer 7

Oils and fats (contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen)

Called triglycerides = molecule of glycerol and 3 fat acids

Question 8

What is a fatty acid?

Answer 8

Long chain of Carbon atoms with an acid group (-COOH)
Hydrogen atoms are attached to the carbon atoms.
If every atom must be joined by a single bond= unsaturated.
Fatty acid with many different bonds is polyunsaturated.

Question 9

What is a phospholipid?

Answer 9

Are like a triglyceride but instead of having 3 fatty acids have 2 and a phosphate group.
Cell membranes are made from a double layer of phospholipid