Proteins and their functions Flashcards
element
is any substance that cannot be broken down to any other substance by ordinary chemical means
atom
a small, very dense nucleus formed of two other kinds of subatomic particles: protons and neutrons
molecule
smallest particle in a chemical element or compound that has the chemical properties of that element or compound
electron
the smallest of the particles that make up an atom, and they carry a negative charge
orbital
describes properties characteristic of no more than two electrons in the vicinity of an atomic nucleus or of a system of nuclei as in a molecule
electron shell
an orbit followed by electrons around an atom’s nucleus.
chemical bond
ionic or covalent bond
ionic bond
two oppositely charged ion, a metal and a nonmetal
covalent bond
two nonmetals combined together
polar covalent bond
a type of chemical bond where a pair of electrons is unequally shared between two atoms
nonpolar covalent bond
equal sharing of the bond electrons, arise when the electronegativities of the two atoms are equal
enzyme
very efficient catalysts for biochemical reactions. They speed up reactions by providing an alternative reaction pathway of lower activation energy.
Major symptoms of CF and the treatments for those symptoms
- Persistent coughing, at times with phlegm
- Frequent lung infections including pneumonia or bronchitis
- Wheezing or shortness of breath
- Poor growth or weight gain in spite of a good appetite
- Frequent greasy, bulky stools or difficulty with bowel movements
- Male infertility
- Very salt tasting skin
- An electric chest clapper, known as a mechanical percussor.
- An inflatable therapy vest that uses high-frequency airwaves to force the mucus that’s deep in your lungs toward your upper airways so you can cough it up.
- A small, handheld device that you exhale through. The device causes vibrations that dislodge the mucus.
- A mask that creates vibrations that help break the mucus loose from your airway walls.
What is the role of the CFTR protein?
The CFTR gene provides instructions for making a protein called the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator. This protein functions as a channel across the membrane of cells that produce mucus, sweat, saliva, tears, and digestive enzymes. The channel transports negatively charged particles called chloride ions into and out of cells.
What is the role of chloride ions (Cl-)?
for the transport of chloride ions helps control the movement of water in tissues, which is necessary for the production of thin, freely flowing mucus
What happens when the CFTR protein is mutated to a nonfunctional form?
A mutant of the gene that produces CFTR results in CFTR with one missing amino acid. The symptoms of cystic fibrosis related to the malfunctioning of CFTR.
Why does the the element chlorine commonly form the negative ion Chloride (Cl-)?
Has a -1 charge, meaning it has one electron missing.
Why do sodium ions (Na+) and Cl- interact to form salt?
Ionic Bonding
How are the bonds found in water different from the bonds in NaCl?
When NaCl(s) dissolves in water, the ionic bond between the Na+ and Cl- ions is broken. Each of the ions becomes surrounded by water molecules. These water molecules interact with the ions through what is called an ion-dipole interaction. The water molecules have regions of positive and negative charges that are attracted to the ion with the opposite charge.
Why does salt dissolves into individual Na+ and Cl- ions in water?
ionic bonds are stronger than covalent bonds because of this electrostatic interaction, but there is a sliding scale between covalent and ionic bonds.
Now, when salt is dissolved in water, something interesting happens. Because water is polar (as described above), it also has electrostatic interactions with NaCl. Enough of the solvent water molecules are able to gather around the salt such that the combined electronegativity of water is enough to rip the sodium from the chloride ion. Na+ is surrounded by the oxygen (negative) end of water, and Cl- is surrounded by the hydrogen (positive) ends of water. In this sense, water is physically separating the salt atoms from each other.
Describe the 10 different functions that proteins can perform.
- form the scaffolding that maintains cell shape
- catalyze metabolic reactions
- essential in animal diets as a source of certain amino acids
- transport molecules within cells and throughout organism
- essential for replicating DNA
- act in the immune response
- Hormones are used for communication
- synthesizing and repairing DNA
- speed up chemicals reactions so that your food in your stomach doesn’t rot
- Contraction of muscles
Another symptom of cystic fibrosis is diabetes.
- increased thirst and urination
- Increased thirst
- Increased need to urinate
- Excessive tiredness
- Unexplained weight loss
- ***Unexplained decline in lung function
What is diabetes?
disease that result in too much sugar in the blood (high blood glucose).
Type 1:
pancreas produces little or no insulin.
Type 2:
affects the way the body processes blood sugar (glucose).
Why does the malfunction of CFTR lead to diabetes?
damage of the pancreas can lead to loss of the islet cells, leading to a type of diabetes unique to those with the disease.[32] This cystic fibrosis-related diabetes shares characteristics that can be found in type 1 and type 2 diabetics, and is one of the principal nonpulmonary complications of CF.
