Proteins and their functions

Question 1

element

Answer 1

is any substance that cannot be broken down to any other substance by ordinary chemical means

Question 2

atom

Answer 2

a small, very dense nucleus formed of two other kinds of subatomic particles: protons and neutrons

Question 3

molecule

Answer 3

smallest particle in a chemical element or compound that has the chemical properties of that element or compound

Question 4

electron

Answer 4

the smallest of the particles that make up an atom, and they carry a negative charge

Question 5

orbital

Answer 5

describes properties characteristic of no more than two electrons in the vicinity of an atomic nucleus or of a system of nuclei as in a molecule

Question 6

electron shell

Answer 6

an orbit followed by electrons around an atom’s nucleus.

Question 7

chemical bond

Answer 7

ionic or covalent bond

Question 8

ionic bond

Answer 8

two oppositely charged ion, a metal and a nonmetal

Question 9

covalent bond

Answer 9

two nonmetals combined together

Question 10

polar covalent bond

Answer 10

a type of chemical bond where a pair of electrons is unequally shared between two atoms

Question 11

nonpolar covalent bond

Answer 11

equal sharing of the bond electrons, arise when the electronegativities of the two atoms are equal

Question 12

enzyme

Answer 12

very efficient catalysts for biochemical reactions. They speed up reactions by providing an alternative reaction pathway of lower activation energy.

Question 13

Major symptoms of CF and the treatments for those symptoms

Answer 13

• Persistent coughing, at times with phlegm
• Frequent lung infections including pneumonia or bronchitis
• Wheezing or shortness of breath
• Poor growth or weight gain in spite of a good appetite
• Frequent greasy, bulky stools or difficulty with bowel movements
• Male infertility
• Very salt tasting skin
• An electric chest clapper, known as a mechanical percussor.
• An inflatable therapy vest that uses high-frequency airwaves to force the mucus that’s deep in your lungs toward your upper airways so you can cough it up.
• A small, handheld device that you exhale through. The device causes vibrations that dislodge the mucus.
• A mask that creates vibrations that help break the mucus loose from your airway walls.

Question 14

What is the role of the CFTR protein?

Answer 14

The CFTR gene provides instructions for making a protein called the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator. This protein functions as a channel across the membrane of cells that produce mucus, sweat, saliva, tears, and digestive enzymes. The channel transports negatively charged particles called chloride ions into and out of cells.

Question 15

What is the role of chloride ions (Cl-)?

Answer 15

for the transport of chloride ions helps control the movement of water in tissues, which is necessary for the production of thin, freely flowing mucus

Question 16

What happens when the CFTR protein is mutated to a nonfunctional form?

Answer 16

A mutant of the gene that produces CFTR results in CFTR with one missing amino acid. The symptoms of cystic fibrosis related to the malfunctioning of CFTR.

Question 17

Why does the the element chlorine commonly form the negative ion Chloride (Cl-)?

Answer 17

Has a -1 charge, meaning it has one electron missing.

Question 18

Why do sodium ions (Na+) and Cl- interact to form salt?

Answer 18

Ionic Bonding

Question 19

How are the bonds found in water different from the bonds in NaCl?

Answer 19

When NaCl(s) dissolves in water, the ionic bond between the Na+ and Cl- ions is broken. Each of the ions becomes surrounded by water molecules. These water molecules interact with the ions through what is called an ion-dipole interaction. The water molecules have regions of positive and negative charges that are attracted to the ion with the opposite charge.

Question 20

Why does salt dissolves into individual Na+ and Cl- ions in water?

Answer 20

ionic bonds are stronger than covalent bonds because of this electrostatic interaction, but there is a sliding scale between covalent and ionic bonds.

Now, when salt is dissolved in water, something interesting happens. Because water is polar (as described above), it also has electrostatic interactions with NaCl. Enough of the solvent water molecules are able to gather around the salt such that the combined electronegativity of water is enough to rip the sodium from the chloride ion. Na+ is surrounded by the oxygen (negative) end of water, and Cl- is surrounded by the hydrogen (positive) ends of water. In this sense, water is physically separating the salt atoms from each other.

Question 21

Describe the 10 different functions that proteins can perform.

Answer 21

• form the scaffolding that maintains cell shape
• catalyze metabolic reactions
• essential in animal diets as a source of certain amino acids
• transport molecules within cells and throughout organism
• essential for replicating DNA
• act in the immune response
• Hormones are used for communication
• synthesizing and repairing DNA
• speed up chemicals reactions so that your food in your stomach doesn’t rot
• Contraction of muscles

Question 22

Another symptom of cystic fibrosis is diabetes.

Answer 22

• increased thirst and urination
• Increased thirst
• Increased need to urinate
• Excessive tiredness
• Unexplained weight loss
• ***Unexplained decline in lung function

Question 23

What is diabetes?

Answer 23

disease that result in too much sugar in the blood (high blood glucose).

Type 1:

pancreas produces little or no insulin.

Type 2:
affects the way the body processes blood sugar (glucose).

Question 24

Why does the malfunction of CFTR lead to diabetes?

Answer 24

damage of the pancreas can lead to loss of the islet cells, leading to a type of diabetes unique to those with the disease.[32] This cystic fibrosis-related diabetes shares characteristics that can be found in type 1 and type 2 diabetics, and is one of the principal nonpulmonary complications of CF.