Proteins And Enzymes

Question 1

Watson-Crick Model

Answer 1

Theory of genetic info flows in one direction.

DNA—> RNA—> Protein

Question 2

Retrovirus and an example

Answer 2

RNA—> DNA (reverse transcription)

HIV

Question 3

Formation of Proteins

Answer 3

Link AA—> Peptide bonds—> polypeptides—> fold polypeptides—> proteins

Question 4

Amino Acid Structure

Question 5

What groups link to form peptide bonds

Answer 5

On the AA: Amino group and Carboxylic (group) acid

Question 6

2 ways of breaking peptide bonds

Answer 6

1. Acid hydrolysis
2. Protcolysis

Question 7

What two amino acids are alpha helix breakers?

Answer 7

Proline and Glycine

Question 8

What AA forms disulfide bridge?

Answer 8

Cysteine

Question 9

Definition of Hemoglobin

Answer 9

AA that picks up oxygen and transports it to tissues in body.

Question 10

Definition of Zwitterion

Answer 10

When AA has a net charge of zero

Question 11

3 classifications of AA

Answer 11

Charge, H bonding ability, and acidic/basic

Question 12

4 levels of protein structure

Answer 12

Primary (1), Secondary (2), tertiary (3), and 4

Question 13

Primary protein structure

Answer 13

Linear sequence, determined by peptide bonds

Question 14

Secondary protein structure

Answer 14

Determined by H bonds, backbone interaction, parallel and anti parallel

Question 15

Tertiary Protein Structure

Answer 15

Determined by H bonds, hydrophobic, disulfide bridges

Question 16

4 protein structure

Answer 16

Multiple polypeptides

Question 17

Definition of Conformation of protein structure

Answer 17

Proteins folded in 3D structure. ACTIVE site

Question 18

Definition of Denatured Protein

Answer 18

Proteins that have unfolded. INACTIVE

Question 19

4 things that cause denatured proteins

Answer 19

Temp, pH, chemicals, enzymes

Question 20

Sickle cell anemia

Answer 20

Genetic mutation that alters the shape of hemaglobin

Question 21

Definition of gene therapy

Answer 21

Changing the shape of the mutated proteins

(Still researching as not sure of exact shape of what the proteins are supposed to be.)

Question 22

Enzyme definition

Answer 22

Biological catalyst. Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions that happen inside living things

Question 23

2 things to be a catalyst

Answer 23

1. Must speed up reaction.
2. Cannot be used up or altered in a permanent way

Question 24

4 ways enzymes speed up reactions

Answer 24

1. Acid/base catalysis
2. Covalent catalyst
3. Electrostatic catalyst (DNA replication)
4. Proximity and orientation

Question 25

What does catalyzed enzymes do to energy/reaction process? (Think of energy graph)

Answer 25

The catalyzed transition state lowers energy, thus making reaction faster.

Question 26

Definition of active site on enzyme

Answer 26

Location where substrates bind

Question 27

Allosteric Binding

Answer 27

If substrate bonds to enzyme somewhere other than active site.

Question 28

What will cause a change in shape of an enzyme?

Answer 28

Allosteric binding

Question 29

6 Types of Enzymes

Answer 29

1. Transferase 2. Ligand 3. Oxidoreductase 4. Isomer are 5. Hydrolase 6. Lyase

Question 30

Vitamins=

Answer 30

Organic co-factors/co-enzymes

Question 31

Minerals

Answer 31

Inorganic cofactors

Question 32

2 main conditions that affect enzymes

Answer 32

PH and temp

Question 33

Michaelis Menton Equation

Answer 33

Vo=(Vmax [s]/km+[s])

Question 34

2 types of enzyme regulators

Answer 34

1. Allosteric activator (Increase activity) 2. Allosteric inhibitor (decrease activity)

Question 35

2 classes of proteins

Answer 35

1. Enzymatic 2. Non-Enzymatic

Question 36

4 types of non-enzymatic proteins

Answer 36

1. Receptors/ion channels 2. Transport 3. Antibodies 4. Motor

Question 37

Receptors and Ion channel of non-enzymatic proteins

Answer 37

Ion channel will let calcium in through the cell membrane bi-layer. Receptors will let ligands in. Ex. Is insulin receptor and insulin as a ligand.

Question 38

Transport non-enzymatic proteins

Answer 38

Ex. Hemoglobin. High concentration of ligand=high affinity Low con. Of ligands=low affinity

Question 39

Antibodies of non-enzymatic proteins

Answer 39

Adaptive immune system (find foreign antigens and destroy)

Question 40

Motor non-enzymatic proteins

Answer 40

Ex. Myosin(when contracting muscles), kinesiology (in trace lunar transport), dynein(motility of cilia)

Question 41

Covalent modifications=

Answer 41

Forming or breaking bonds