Proteins

Question 1

primary structure

Answer 1

sequence of amino acids

Question 2

secondary structure

Answer 2

spatial arrangement of the chain of amino acids due to bonding between amino acids which are near each other. eg. beta pleated sheet and alpha helices.

Question 3

tertiary structure

Answer 3

the spacial arrangement of the amino acids in the chain which are far apart due to the 5 types of bonding between different amino acids in the chain.

Question 4

quaternary structure

Answer 4

the spatial arrangement of different subunits in a multi-subunit protein. e.g. haemoglobin

Question 5

how many bases code for one amino acid

Answer 5

3

Question 6

what two functional groups does an amino acid have apart from the R group

Answer 6

carboxylic and amino group

Question 7

what is the aliphatic functional group

Answer 7

H or continuation of the carbon chain. valine glycine

Question 8

what is the aromatic functional group

Answer 8

Benzene ring e.g. phenylalanine, tyrosine

Question 9

name two sulphur containing amino acids

Answer 9

cysteine methionine

Question 10

name a basic amino acid

Answer 10

lysine

Question 11

name an acidic amino acid

Answer 11

glutamate

Question 12

what makes an uncharged amino acid polar

Answer 12

electronegative atoms like oxygen

Question 13

what is the bond between amino acids

Answer 13

peptide bond

Question 14

what bonds are in an alpha helix

Answer 14

H bonds between the N-H and carboxylic group

Question 15

what bonds are in a beta-pleated sheet

Answer 15

H bonds between the amide groups

Question 16

what are the 5 types of bonds that form tertiary structure

Answer 16

1. Hydrophobic interaction
2. Hydrogen Bonds ( H to F,N,O)
3. Van Der Waals ( weak but large in number)
4. ionic interactions (oppositely charged R groups)
5. disulphide bridges

Question 17

what is protein denaturation

Answer 17

destruction of the secondary and tertiary structure

Question 18

what bonds do endopeptidases break

Answer 18

internal peptide bonds in the amino acid chain

Question 19

what is the process by which a glycoprotein is made

Answer 19

glycosylation

Question 20

where does glycosylation occur

Answer 20

in the ER and the Golgi

Question 21

what is HbA1c used to test for

Answer 21

glycated haemoglobin which is used to measure plasma glucose concentration for diabetes

Question 22

what are lipoproteins used for

Answer 22

transport of fats and cholesterol around the body

Question 23

what is meant by co-operative binding of oxygen

Answer 23

each successive oxygen molecule binds more easily to haemoglobin because of a change in shape

Question 24

what are globular, fibrous and membranous proteins used for (function)

Answer 24

globular- varied like enzymes, messengers etc.
fibrous- structural
membranous- used in cells for signalling and transport

Question 25

what causes sickle cell anaemia

Answer 25

mutation in the genetic code resulting in a substituted protein

Question 26

what is the repeat sequence for collagen

Answer 26

glycine - x - proline

Question 27

how many polypeptide coils are in a collagen molecule

Answer 27

3

Question 28

what kind of bonding is present in collagen

Answer 28

H bonding

Question 29

name two conditions which are a result of weak or brittle collagen

Answer 29

scurvy- lack of Vit C

osteogenesis imperfecta- mutation

Question 30

what is the pathogenesis of familial hypercholesteremia

Answer 30

LDL receptor mutations

Question 31

what are the signs of FH and what is used to treat it

Answer 31

Elevated LDL
Xanthomas ( cholesterol deposits)
treat with statins

Question 32

what test is used to identify proteins

Answer 32

electrophoresis