Proteins Flashcards
What is the proteome?
The proteome is the entire set of expressed by a genome.
The proteome is larger than the number of genes, particularly in eukaryotes. Why?
Because more than one protein can be produced from a single gene as a result of alternating RNA splicing.
Are all genes expressed as proteins in a particular cell type?
No.
What are genes that do not code for proteins called, and what does that include?
They are called non-coding RNA genes and include those that are transcribed to produce tRNA, rRNA and RNA molecules that control the expression of other genes.
Can the set of proteins expressed by a given cell type vary?
Yes, the set of proteins expressed by a given cell type can vary over time and under different conditions.
What are some factors that affects the set of proteins expressed by a given cell type?
Some factors affecting the set of proteins expressed by a given cell type are the metabolic activity of the cell, cellular stress, the response to signalling molecules, and diseased versus healthy cells.
Eukaryotic cells have a system of what?
Internal membranes, which increases the total surface area of the membrane.
Because of their size, eukaryotes have a relatively small surface area to volume ratio. What does this mean.
The plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells is therefore too small an area to carry out all the vital functions carried out by membranes.
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) forms a network of what?
A network of membrane tubules continuous with the nuclear membrane.
What is the Golgi apparatus?
A series of flattened membrane discs.
What are Lysosomes?
Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles containing a variety of hydrolyses that digest proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates.
What do vesicles do?
Transport materials between membrane compartments.
What are synthesised in the ER?
Lipids and Proteins
What is the difference between Rough ER (RER) and smooth ER (SER)?
RER has ribosomes on its cytosolic face while SER lacks ribosomes.
Where are lipids synthesised?
In the SER and inserted into its membrane.
