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Nutrition & Metabolism Yr 1 2023 Update > Proteins > Flashcards

Proteins Flashcards

1
Q

The alpha keto-acid of alanine is:

a. Alpha-ketoglutarate
b. Pyruvate
c. Aspartate
d. Oxaloacetate

A

B. Pyruvate

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2
Q 
Which of these amino acids has 2 nitrogens?
Select one:
a. Glutamine
b. Isoleucine
c. Leucine
d. Glutamate
A

A. Glutamine

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3
Q 
What happens to protein synthesis following resistance exercise?
Select one:
a. It is decreased
b. It remains the same
c. It depends on the time of day
d. It is increased
A

d. It is increased

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4
Q 
How much gross energy (kcal) is produced from the complete breakdown of protein?
Select one:
a. 4.2
b. 5.05
c. 5.65
d. 4.0
A

d. 4.0

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5
Q 
Proteins are broken down in the
Select one:
a. Stomach, duodenum, ileum
b. Mouth, stomach, duodenum
c. Mouth, oesophagus, small intestine
d. Stomach, duodenum, colon
A

a. Stomach, duodenum, ileum

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6
Q 
Which of the following are a branched chain amino acids?
Select one:
a. Leucine and valine
b. Isoleucine and glutamine
c. Leucine and alanine
d. Valine and alanine
A

a. Leucine and valine

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7
Q

Post translational modification refers to
Select one:
a. modification, translocation and activation of a
nascent protein
b. chromatin conjugation of a protein
c. amino acid excretion by kidneys
d. incorporation of proteins into the mitochondrial matrix

A

a. modification, translocation and activation of a

nascent protein

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8
Q 
In normal healthy individuals body proteins can be excreted as
Select one or more:
a. sweat 
b. Skin 
c. Urine 
d. Hair
A

b. Skin

d. Hair

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9
Q 
Protein synthesis accounts for what percentage of basal energy expenditure?
Select one:
a. 40
b. 50
c. 20
d. 10
A

c. 20

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10
Q 
Which amino acid is always the first in a polypeptide chain?
Select one:
a. Methionine
b. Alanine
c. Leucine
d. Glutamate
A

a. Methionine

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11
Q 
Which of the following is not a step in protein synthesis
Select one:
a. Transcription
b. Deamination 
c. Translation
d. Post-translational modifications
A

b. Deamination

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12
Q

Select one:

a. 40S and 80S
b. 30S and 60S
c. 40S and 60S
d. 40S and 70S

A

c. 40S and 60S

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13
Q 
Which proteolysis system is activated by calcium?
Select one:
a. Ubiquitin-proteosome
b. Lysosomal
c. Caspases
d. Calpain
A

d. Calpain

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14
Q 
Which protein breakdown system is predominantly involved in apoptosis?
Select one:
a. Calapain
b. Caspases
c. Matrix metalloproteinases
d. Lysosomal
A

b. Caspases

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15
Q

What is the difference between essential and non-essential amino acids?

A
  • Non- essential amino acids (NEAA)  your body can make

* Essential amino acids (EAA)  One you have to take in through the diet

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16
Q

Name the branched chain amino acids

A

Leucine, isoleucine and valine.

17
Q

What are the three steps involved in protein synthesis; give a brief overview.

A

 Transcription: copying of DNA to mRNA
 Translation: Initiation/Elongation/termination: reading of mRNA to make polypeptide chain
 Post translational modifications: folding into a useful structure

18
Q

What is the immediate fate of excess dietary protein in the body?

A

Deamination

19
Q

Which of the following leads to the production of urea?

a. Oxidation of glucose
b. Oxidation of amino acids
c. Incomplete oxidation of fatty acids
d. Synthesis of protein from amino acids

A

b. Oxidation of amino acids

20
Q

What are positive and negative nitrogen balance? What can cause these states?

A 
POSITIVE NITROGEN BALANCE
Nitrogen intake greater than excretion.
So, protein synthesis exceeds rate of breakdown.
Causes:
>during normal growth of children
>in convalescence after serious illness
>in immobilisation after an accident
>in pregnancy 
NEGATIVE NITROGEN BALANCE
Nitrogen intake less than excretion.
Causes:
>starvation
>during serious illness
>in injury and trauma (including surgery)
If not corrected and becomes prolonged, there will be irreversible loss of body tissue.
Will ultimately lead to death.
21
Q

How are amino acids broken down into a keto acid and an amino group?

A

Oxidative deamination:
>remove amino group
>amino group secreted as urea
>left with keto acid

Transamination
>converts one amino acid and keto acid into another amino acid and keto acid
>can also be used to make non-essential AAs

22
Q

After deamination, the amino group is secreted as urea. What happens to the keto acid?

A

> can be metabolised by the TCA cycle to CO2 and H20, and provide a source of ATP

> glucogenic AAs can be converted into glucose by the liver

> ketogenic AAs (lysine and leucine) can be degraded to acetyl CoA, which can then either be converted into fatty acids, or can go into the TCA cycle

23
Q

In which compounds is nitrogen transported to the liver for urea production?

A

Glutamine & alanine.

24
Q

Where do the two amino groups in urea come from?

A

the two amino groups in urea come from?
One from NH4+, from deamination of glutamate (from transamination of any other AA).

One from aspartate, which can enter the urea cycle without being deaminated.

25
Q

KWASHIORKOR

A

protein deficiency with adequate energy intake
>characterised by severe oedema
>enlarged liver, fat infiltration

26
Q

MARASMUS

A

> caused by chronic food shortage

>extreme emaciation, loss of body’s fat reserves, muscle wasting, etc.

27
Q

What is the ketoacid for oxaloacetate

a. Alpha-ketoglutarate
b. Pyruvate
c. Aspartate
d. Alanine

A

c. Aspartate

28
Q

What is the ketoacid for glutamate

a. Alpha-ketoglutarate
b. Pyruvate
c. Aspartate
d. oxaloacetate

A

a. Alpha-ketoglutarate

29
Q

What is the amino acid which matches alpha-ketoglutarate

a. glutamate
b. oxaloacetate
c. alanine
d. pyruvate

A

a. glutamate

30
Q

What is the amino acid which matches aspartate

a. glutamate
b. oxaloacetate
c. alanine
d. pyruvate

A

b. oxaloacetate

31
Q

What is the amino acid which matches pyruvate

a. glutamate
b. oxaloacetate
c. alanine
d. arginine

A

c. alanine

32
Q 
Which of these is an essential amino acid?
A) Threonine
B) Glycine
C) Tyrosine
D) Alanine
A

A) Threonine

33
Q 
Which of these is a non-essential amino acid?
A) Lysine
B) Methionine
C) Valine
D) Serine
A

D) Serine

34
Q 
What is the nitrogen intake value for adults?
A) ~120 mg N/kg/day 
B) ~115 mg N/kg/day 
C) ~50 mg N/kg/day 
D) ~95 mg N/kg/day
A

D) ~95 mg N/kg/day

35
Q

Which of the following are not ketogenic?

a. leucine
b. lysine
c. tryptophan
d. succinate

A

d. succinate

36
Q

Which one isn’t both ketogenic and glycogenic?

a. isoleucine
b. leucine
c. lysine
d. phenylalanine

A

c. lysine

37
Q

What is isoleucine oxidised into?

A

succinyl coA and acetyl coA

38
Q

What is leucine oxidised into?

A

acetoacetate and acetyl coA

39
Q

What is valine oxidised into?

A

succinyl coA

Nutrition & Metabolism Yr 1 2023 Update (10 decks)

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