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T2 Biology > Protein Synthesis > Flashcards

Protein Synthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

differences between DNA and RNA

A
  1. Rna has Ribose sugar, Dna has Deoxyribose Sugar
  2. DNA has thymine (T), RNA has Uracil (U)
  3. RNA is single stranded, DNA is double stranded
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2
Q

Types of RNA

A

mRna
tRNA
rRNA

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3
Q

What is mRNA +function

A

Messenger RNA: Copy of a gene, Carries information to make proteins from the nucleus to the cytoplasm

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4
Q

What is tRNA +function

A

Transfer RNA: brings amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis
Composed of:
-a site for amino acids to attach
- a site called anticodon that determines which of the 20 AAs is attached to the tRNA

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5
Q

What is rRNA +function

A

Ribosomal Dna: component of the Ribosomes, translate the sequence of amino acids to their corresponding protein
Composed of: Large subunit, small subunit

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6
Q

Similarities between RNA and DNA

A
  1. both have 5-carbon sugar
  2. Both are polymers of nucleotides
  3. DNA/RNA have the same structure
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7
Q

Steps of Protein Synthesis

A
  1. Transcription
  2. RNA processing
  3. Translation
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8
Q

What is transcription

A

the process of making RNA from DNA.

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9
Q

What is translation

A

the process of building a sequence of amino acids to form a protein based on the information carried by the mRNA

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10
Q

What is RNA processing

A

the process of making mature mRNA out of precursor mRNA

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11
Q

Ribosome structure (rRNA)

A

3 binding sites:
1. (large subunit)
A (attachment): where tRNA initially binds
P(parking): where the amino acid is transferred from its growing polypeptide chain and held
E(end): where the ‘empty’ tNA sits before being released
2. Small subunit

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12
Q

Steps of translation

A
  1. initiation
  2. elongation
  3. termination
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13
Q

What are Exons and Introns

A

Exons: section of genes that contain information to make a protein (coding regions)

Introns: non-coding sections of genes

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14
Q

How is mature mRNA made (RNA SPLICING/PROCESSING)

A
  • During transcription, pre-cursor mRNA is created by copying a gene
  • Pre mRNA has exons and introns
  • during RNA splicing, introns are spliced to create mature mRNA with only exons
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15
Q

Steps of transcription

A
  1. initiation
  2. elongation
  3. termination
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16
Q

When does transcription start (initiation)

A
  1. RNA polymerase +transcription factors attaches to the 5’ end (PROMOTER REGION)
  2. they start to unwind the gene
17
Q

what is RNA polymerase

A

the enzyme that synthesizes the RNA Molecules

18
Q

what transcription factors

A

assemble at the promoter region and recruit the RNA polymerase

19
Q

What happens during elongation (TRANSCRIPTION)

-addition of nucleotides

A
  1. RNA polymerase zooms down the gene in a 5’-3’ direction
  2. anti-sense strand used as a template to create mRNA molecule
  3. transcribes antisense template, using corresponding nucleotides (base-pairing rule) (only replacing Thymine with Uracil) making an exact copy of the sense strand
  4. DNA rewinds as RNA polymerase zooms down
20
Q

What happens during termination (TRANSCRIPTION)

A

when the RNA polymerase reaches the TERMINATOR region, detaches and releases the pre-mRNA

21
Q

What is the genetic code

A

code of the genes, uses 4 nucleotides (GUANINE, ADENINE, THYMINE, CYTOSINE)
-read in triplets

22
Q

Translation (INITIATION)

A
  1. the first tRNA (with METHIONINE), the ribosome and the mRNA come together
  2. the small ribosomal subunit binds to the mRNA +slides to start codon
  3. first tRNA binds to AUG (start codon) in A site
  4. amino acid moves along to P site
23
Q

Translation (ELONGATION)

A
  1. second tRNA approaches, if complementary, it binds to A site
  2. first peptide bond forms between amino acid in A site and amino site in P site
  3. tRNA in P site is released
  4. ribosomal unit slides down the mRNA to next codon (P site). First tRNA moves to E site and is released
  5. A site is empty for next codon to attach and for new peptide bond to form
24
Q

Translation (TERMINATION)

A
  1. A stop codon enters A site
  2. no corresponding amino acids
  3. polypetide chain is released

T2 Biology (7 decks)

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