PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Flashcards
what are proteins and what role do they play in the body?
proteins are large molecules made of amino acids that are made in ribsomes, performing important roles such as supporting cell structure, speeding up reactions as enzymes.
what determines the genotype and phenotype of an individual?
the genotype of an individual is determined by their genetic makeup (the alleles they inherit), while the phenotype is influenced by the genotype and environmental factors, resulting in their traits and characteristics.
where is protein made in the cell?
proteins are made in ribosome, which are organelles in the cytoplasm of cells.
how is RNA different to DNA?
RNA is single-stranded
carries instructions for making on protein from a single gene
RNA carries instructions to the ribosome in the cytoplasm for protein production
what is transcription?
transcription is the process where the information in a gene’s DNA is copied into messenger RNA (mRNA), allowing the gene’s instruction to be used for protein synthesis.
what is translation?
translation is the process by which the sequence of nucleotides in mRNA is decoded by ribosomes to assemble amino acids into a polypeptide chain to form a protein.
where does transcription occur in the cells?
it takes place in the cytoplasm.
what happens in transcription?
DNA double helix unwinds
RNA polymerase enzyme synthesises a complementary strand of mRNA by matching RNA nucleotides with the DNA template
it is the type of RNA that carries genetic info from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm, serving as a template for protein synthesis.
what happens in translation?
during translation, the ribsome reads the sequence of codons in the mRNA and assembles amino acids into a polypeptide chains according to the genetic code - forming a protein.
how is the genetic code converted into protein?
transcription then translation
what are amino acids?
amino acids are the basic blocks of proteins, with 20 dif types that link together in various sequences to form protein structures.
how does the base sequence in a single gene codes the info to produce a single protein?
the base sequence in a single gene encodes the specific order of amino acids in a protein as each codon corresponds to one amino acid which guides the protein’s synthesis during transcription and translation.
what is the role that complementary bases play in protein synthesis from DNA?
they ensure accurate base pairing during transcription and translation, allowing the correct sequence of amino acids to be assembled into proteins based on the genetic code.
what is the role of DNA and RNA in the cell?
DNA holds genetic info and serves as a template for RNA synthesis while RNA acts as a messenger, translating the info into proteins.
