Protein Synthesis

Question 1

A type of secondary structure in proteins that appears as a tight twist

Answer 1

Alpha Helix

Question 2

Production of different mRNA molecules from one kind of pre-mRNA through joining various combinations of exons from the pre-mRNA

Answer 2

Alternative Splicing

Question 3

Basic building blocks or sub-units of polypeptide chains and proteins

Answer 3

Amino Acids

Question 4

Sequence of three bases in a transfer RNA molecule that can pair with the complementary codon of a messenger RNA molecule

Answer 4

Anti-Codon

Question 5

A type of secondary structure in proteins that appears as folded sheets, with a change in direction of the polypeptide chain

Answer 5

Beta-Sheet

Question 6

Part of a gene that contains the coded information for making a polypeptide chain

Answer 6

Coding Region

Question 7

What property of genes allow for them to code for multiple proteins with a single gene sequence?

Answer 7

• The code is degenerate
• Alternative Splicing

Question 8

Nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide sub-units that contain the sugar deoxyribose and the bases A, C, G and T; DNA forms the major component of chromosomes

Answer 8

DNA

Question 9

What are the four components of an Amino Acid?

Answer 9

• Carboxyl Group
• Amino Group
• Central Carbon
• R Group

Question 10

What occurs during RNA Processing?

Answer 10

• Introns are spliced out
• Exons are spliced together
• 3’ Poly A Tail and 5’ Methyl G Cap are added

Question 11

How is the process of Transcription Regulated?

Answer 11

• RNA Polymerase must bind to the promoter region
• DNA must unwind for the Coding and Template Strands be exposed

Question 12

How is the process of Translation Regulated?

Answer 12

• mRNA must bind to a complimentary site on a Ribosome
• Condensation polymerization only begins when a Start Codon is reached and stops when a STOP codon is reached

Question 13

Stable form of RNA found in ribosomes

Answer 13

rRNA

Question 14

Nucleic acid consisting of a single chain of nucleotide sub-units that contain the sugar ribose and the bases A, U, C and G; RNA

Answer 14

RNA

Question 15

Form of RNA that can attach to specific amino acids and carry them to a ribosome during translation

Answer 15

tRNA

Question 16

Outline two structural differences between mRNA and tRNA

Answer 16

• tRNA contains anticodons and mRNA contains codons
• mRNA contains a 3’ Poly A Tail and a 5’ Methyl G Cap

Question 17

The property of the genetic code in which the code is essentially the same across all organisms

Answer 17

Universal

Question 18

Outline the steps of protein synthesis that occur within the Nucleus of a cell

Answer 18

• Transcription and RNA Processing
• RNA Polymerase and Transcription factors bind to the promoter region causing DNA to unwind
• RNA polymerase moves along the template strand and creates a complementary pre-mRNA molecule using nucleotide bases
• The pre-mRNA molecule is modified by splicing out introns and grouping exons, and adding a 3’ Poly A Tail and a 5’ Methyl G Cap
• This forms mRNA which is then transported to the Ribosome

Question 19

Explain how a protein is formed from mRNA

Answer 19

• Translation
• mRNA binds to a complimentary site on a Ribosome
• The Ribosome reads the mRNA and tRNA containing complimentary anticodons and amino acids bind to the complementary codons on the mRNA
• When a start codon is reached the amino acids are chemically bonded via a condensation polymerisation reaction
• The reaction is stopped once a STOP codon is reached. The protein and mRNA detach from the Ribosome