Protein Synthesis Flashcards
A type of secondary structure in proteins that appears as a tight twist
Alpha Helix
Production of different mRNA molecules from one kind of pre-mRNA through joining various combinations of exons from the pre-mRNA
Alternative Splicing
Basic building blocks or sub-units of polypeptide chains and proteins
Amino Acids
Sequence of three bases in a transfer RNA molecule that can pair with the complementary codon of a messenger RNA molecule
Anti-Codon
A type of secondary structure in proteins that appears as folded sheets, with a change in direction of the polypeptide chain
Beta-Sheet
Part of a gene that contains the coded information for making a polypeptide chain
Coding Region
What property of genes allow for them to code for multiple proteins with a single gene sequence?
- The code is degenerate
- Alternative Splicing
Nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide sub-units that contain the sugar deoxyribose and the bases A, C, G and T; DNA forms the major component of chromosomes
DNA
What are the four components of an Amino Acid?
- Carboxyl Group
- Amino Group
- Central Carbon
- R Group
What occurs during RNA Processing?
- Introns are spliced out
- Exons are spliced together
- 3’ Poly A Tail and 5’ Methyl G Cap are added
How is the process of Transcription Regulated?
- RNA Polymerase must bind to the promoter region
- DNA must unwind for the Coding and Template Strands be exposed
How is the process of Translation Regulated?
- mRNA must bind to a complimentary site on a Ribosome
- Condensation polymerization only begins when a Start Codon is reached and stops when a STOP codon is reached
Stable form of RNA found in ribosomes
rRNA
Nucleic acid consisting of a single chain of nucleotide sub-units that contain the sugar ribose and the bases A, U, C and G; RNA
RNA
Form of RNA that can attach to specific amino acids and carry them to a ribosome during translation
tRNA
Outline two structural differences between mRNA and tRNA
- tRNA contains anticodons and mRNA contains codons
- mRNA contains a 3’ Poly A Tail and a 5’ Methyl G Cap
The property of the genetic code in which the code is essentially the same across all organisms
Universal
Outline the steps of protein synthesis that occur within the Nucleus of a cell
- Transcription and RNA Processing
- RNA Polymerase and Transcription factors bind to the promoter region causing DNA to unwind
- RNA polymerase moves along the template strand and creates a complementary pre-mRNA molecule using nucleotide bases
- The pre-mRNA molecule is modified by splicing out introns and grouping exons, and adding a 3’ Poly A Tail and a 5’ Methyl G Cap
- This forms mRNA which is then transported to the Ribosome
Explain how a protein is formed from mRNA
- Translation
- mRNA binds to a complimentary site on a Ribosome
- The Ribosome reads the mRNA and tRNA containing complimentary anticodons and amino acids bind to the complementary codons on the mRNA
- When a start codon is reached the amino acids are chemically bonded via a condensation polymerisation reaction
- The reaction is stopped once a STOP codon is reached. The protein and mRNA detach from the Ribosome
