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biology > protein synthesis > Flashcards

protein synthesis Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is mRNA

A

messenger RNA

a single polynucleotide strand - contains groups of three adjacent bases that are called codons

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2
Q

what does mRNA do?

A

made during transcription

carries the genetic code from the DNA to the ribosomes, where it’s used to main a protein during translation

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3
Q

what is tRNA

A

transfer RNA

single polynucleotide strand - folded into a clover shape
hydrogen bonds between specific base pairs hold this shape

molecule that has a specific sequence of three bases - anticodon

they have an amino acid binding site at the other end

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4
Q

what does tRNA do?

A

carries amino acids hat are used to make proteins in translation to the ribosomes

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5
Q

what is the first stage of protein synethesis

A

transcription

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6
Q

what is the first stage of transcription

A

RNA polymerase (enzyme) attaches to the DNA double-helix at the beginning of the gene

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7
Q

what is the second stage of transcription

A

in eukaryotes, the hydrogen bonds between the two DNA strands in the gene are broken by a DNA helicase attached to the RNA polymerase. This separates the strands and the DNA molecule uncoils at that point, exposing some of the bases

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8
Q

what is the third stage of transcription

A

one of the strands is then used as a template to make an mRNA copy

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9
Q

what is the fourth stage of transcription

A

the RNA polymerase lines up free RNA nucleotides alongside the exposed bases on the template strand

the free bases are attracted to the exposed bases

specific, complementary base pairing means that the mRNA strand ends up being a complementary copy of the DNA template strand

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10
Q

what is the fifth stage of transcription

A

once the RNA nucleotides have paired up with their specific bases on the DNA strand, they’re joined together by the RNA polymerase, forming an mRNA molecule

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11
Q

what is the sixth stage of transcription

A

the RNA polymerase moves along the DNA, separating the strands and assembling the mRNA strand

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12
Q

what is the seventh stage of transcription

A

the hydrogen bonds between the uncoiled strands of DNA re-form once the RNA polymerase has passed by and the strands coil back into a double-helix

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13
Q

what is eighth stage of transmission

A

when RNA polymerase reaches a particular sequence of DNA called a stop signal, it stops making mRNA and detaches from the DNA

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14
Q

what is the ninth stage of transcription

A

un eukaryotes, mRNA moves out of the nucleus through a nuclear pore and attaches to a ribosome in the cytoplasm, where the next stage of protein synthesis takes place

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15
Q

what are the different products from transcription in eukaryotes and prokaryotes

A

eukaryotes

  • introns and exons are copied into the mRnA during transcription
  • mRNA strands containing introns and exons are called pre-mRNA
  • splicing occurs where introns are removed and exons are joined together forming mRNA strands

prokaryotes
- mRNA is produced directly from the DNA without splicing

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16
Q

what is the first stage of translation

A

the mRNA attaches itself to a ribosome and tRNA molecules carry amino acids to it
ATP provides the energy needed for the bond between the amino acid and the tRNA molecule to form

17
Q

what is the second stage of translation

A

a tRNA molecule, with an anticodon that’s complementary to the first codon on the mRNA, attaches itself to the mRNA by specific base paring

18
Q

what is the third stage of translation

A

a second tRNA molecule attaches itself to the next codon on the mRNA in the same way

19
Q

what is the fourth stage of translation

A

the two amino acids attached to the tRNA molecules are joined by a peptide bond
the first tRNA molecule moves away, leaving its amino acid behind

20
Q

what is the fifth stage of translation

A

a third tRNA molecule binds to the next codon on the mRNA

its amino acid binds to the first two and the second tRNA molecule moves away

21
Q

what is the sixth stage of translation

A

this process continues, producing a chain of linked amino acids (a polypeptide chain) until there’s a stop signal on the mRNA then the polypeptide chain moves away from the ribosome

biology (22 decks)

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