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Nutrition > Protein Metabolism > Flashcards

Protein Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Obj: Describe functions and structures of proteins

A
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2
Q

Obj: Contrast Essential vs Non-essential Amino acids

A
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3
Q

Obj: Describe protein digestion and metabolism

A
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4
Q

Obj: Compare the protein requirements of carnivores, omnivores, and herbivores

A
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5
Q

Obj: List and discuss methods to measure protein in the body and food

A
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6
Q

Obj: Determine Protein quality

A
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7
Q

Obj: describe protein assessment

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8
Q

Obj: Describe protein deficiency symptoms

A
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9
Q

What are the sources of protein in animal diets?

A
  • Plant
  • Animal
  • Microbial
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10
Q

What is a Protein?

A
  • A sequence of amino acids connected by peptide bonds
  • Consists of :
    • Carbon
    • Hydrogen
    • Nitrogen
    • Oxygen
    • Sulfur*
    • Phosphorous*
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11
Q

What is the basic structure of amino acids?

A
  • Central carbon bonded to hydrogen
  • Amino group (NH2)
  • Carboxylic group
  • R-Group - makes the different AA
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12
Q

What is the difference between an Essential vs Non-essential Amino Acid?

A
  • Essential:
    • Indispensable
    • The body is unable to make or can only make in inadequate quantities
    • Need to be consumed form the diet
    • 10 essential Amino Acids for most nonruminant animals
      • Depends on species and physiologic state
  • Non-Essential:
    • Dispensable
    • The body can make in large enough quantities
      • made from essential AA
    • Not necessary to consume in the diet
    • 10-12 nonessential AA
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13
Q

What are Conditionally essential Amino acids?

A
  • Conditionally indispensable
  • Can become essential in certain physiologic conditions
  • Examples:
    • Glutamine - fuel for enterocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes
      • becomes essential for intestinal mucosal during illness
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14
Q

What are the Essential Amino Acids:

A
  • Phenylalanine
  • Valine
  • Threonine
  • Argenine
  • Tryptophan
  • Isoleucine
  • Methionine
  • Histidine
  • Leucine
  • Lysine
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15
Q

What additional Essential AA do hens need?

A

Proline

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16
Q

How are proteins classified?

A
  • Based on number of AA:
    • Dipeptides
    • Tripeptides
    • Oligopeptides
    • Polypeptides
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17
Q

What is the basic structure of proteins?

A
  • Amino acids in a single polypeptide chain
  • the Sequence of AA for each protein is unique and genetically determined
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18
Q

What are the limiting amino acids in:

  • Beans
  • Grains (rice)
  • Nuts and seeds
  • Vegetables
  • Corn)
A
19
Q

What is the secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins?

A
  • Secondary - α-Helix or β-Folded Sheets
  • Tertiary - α-Helix and β-Folded Sheets
  • Quaternary - multiple tertiary structures together
20
Q

What determines the nutritional value of proteins?

A
  • its primary structure
    • (i.e. amino acid composition)
21
Q

What determines a proteins digestibility?

A
  • its tertiary structure
  • Globular proteins are more easily digested than filamentous proteins such as collagen, elastin and keratin
22
Q

What parts of the body contain collagen and elastin?

A
  • skin
  • tendons
23
Q

What part of the body contains keratin?

A
  • Hair
  • Nails
  • Feathers, claws, beaks
  • hooves, horns
24
Q

What functions do proteins serve?

A
  • Enzymes
  • Some hormones
  • antibodies
  • fluids balance
  • regulate pH
  • Transport proteins
25
Q

What are Enzymes? Function? Examples?

A
  • proteins that catalyze chemical reactions without being used up or destroyed in the process
  • Anabolic and catabolic functions
  • Ex:
    • Salivary amylase
    • Trypsin
26
Q

What are hormones? Examples?

A
  • Chemical messengers made in one part of the body but act on cells in other parts of the body
  • Ex:
    • Insulin
    • CCK
    • PTH, calcitonin
    • Growth Hormone
27
Q

What are antibodies?

A
  • proteins that attack and viruses that cause infection
28
Q

How do proteins help maintain the bodies fluid balance?

A
  • Fluid is forced into tissue spaces by blood pressure generated by pumping action of the heart
  • Fluid returns to blood because of ‘osmotic pressure’ created by albumin
29
Q

How do proteins help in the regulation of pH?

A
  • AA in proteins accept Hydrogens when the pH is too low
  • AA in proteins donate Hydrogens when the pH is too High
30
Q

What transport proteins are there in the body?

A
  • Blood:
    • Lipoproteins
    • Hemoglobin
  • Cell membrane transport
31
Q

How are Amino Acids used for energy?

A
32
Q

how are Proteins digested in monogastrics vs ruminants?

A
33
Q

What is the waste product of protein catabolism? how is it created? excreted?

A
34
Q

What are the differences between somatic proteins and visceral proteins?

A
  • Somatic Protein
    • muscle mass
    • depleted in chronic starvation
  • Visceral Protein
    • serum proteins
    • depleted in acute starvation
35
Q

What is the protein requirements of Cats?

A
  • High protein requirement
  • 30-50% protein DMB
  • Need highly digestible animal proteins
    • short digestive tract
36
Q

Why will cats die on an arginine deficient diet?

A
  • Arg drives urea synthesis cycle
  • ⇣Arg = hyperammonemia
37
Q

What is the protein requirements of Dogs?

A
  • Mid-range
    • 15-30% DMB
  • Animal and plant protein sources
  • Effectively digest starches
38
Q

What is the protein requirements for herbivores?

A
  • Relatively low
    • ~8 - 16% DMB
  • Enlarged fore stomach or hindgut
  • Utilize extensive fiber in the diet
    • bacterial degradation of feedstuffs
39
Q

How is Crude protein calculated?

A
  • Feed is analyzed for Nitrogen content
  • N content multiplied by a correction factor of 6.25
    • Nitrogen makes up about 16% of protein
    • 100/16 = 6.25
40
Q

What determines a proteins quality? Why is protein quality important?

A
  • Biological Value
    • High value - Essential AA > Non-essential
    • low value - essential AA < Non-essential
  • Digestibility
  • High quality protein ⇢ less needed to meet AA requirements
41
Q

What are Maillard Reactions? why do they matter?

A
  • Proteins binding to reducing sugars
  • reduces protein availability
42
Q

What are the clinical signs & laboratory findings of protein malnutrition?

A
  • Weight loss
  • Decreased growth rate
  • muscle wasting
  • poor haircoat
  • hypoalbuminemia
  • low serum protein
  • anemia
  • decreased immune function
  • Hepatic lipidosis
43
Q

Why do animals with hepatic/renal disease need limited protein?

A
  • Problems excreting the excess nitrogen
  • uremia - ⇡ blood urea
  • hepatoencephalopathy ⇢ ⇡ blood ammonia

Nutrition (28 decks)

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