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Med Lab Test 2 > Protein > Flashcards

Protein Flashcards

1
Q

Proteins differ from carbs and lipids how? (3)

A
  • Contain nitrogen
  • Must be continually synthesized (most synthesized in liver, also in plasma cells/bone marrow)
  • Not stored for emergency use
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2
Q

What 4 hormones control protein SYNTHESIS?

A
  1. Growth Hormone 2. Insulin 3. Testosterone 4. Thyroxine
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3
Q

What 2 hormones control protein CATABOLISM?

A
  1. Cortisol 2. Glucagon
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4
Q

Nitrogen Balance. Negative and Positive causes:

A

Neg: excessive tissue destruction (burns), wasting disease, continual high fever, starvation.
Pos: periods of growth, pregnancy, repair processes

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5
Q

Total Serum Protein: TSP

A

albumin and globulin

Globulins = a-1-globulin, a-2-globulin, B-globulin, and y-globulin proteins

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6
Q

How do yo separate proteins?

A

Electrophroresis: technique separates proteins based on charge.

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7
Q

Clinical Application of Electrophoresis. What samples will you use this for?

A

serum, urine, CSF

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8
Q

Total Serum Protein (TSP) Function

A

Transport small molecules, receptors, catalyze biochemical rxns, structural, nutritional source, oncotic pressure, defense against foreign antigen, hormones, aids in maintenance of homeostasis, maintenance of acid-base balance

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9
Q

Total Serum Protein (TSP) Factors that affect it

A

malnutrition, hepatic function with dec. syntesis, renal functinon w/ inc. urinary loss, metabolic disorders and enzyme defects, GI function with dec. absorption or inc. loss, disease causing cellular proliferation, inc. synthesis, dehydration

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10
Q

Lab Measurement TSP specimens

A

Fasting serum: specimen of choice
Total urine protein, CSF protein, Body fluid protein.
Recommended to take concurrent samples for comparison.

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11
Q

Math equation to calculate globulins

A

TSP - albumin = globulins

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12
Q

Screening for Disorders, you can use 2 tests

A 
TSP and albumin are a componenet of routine screening pannels (chem profile, metabolic, hepatic function, renal function)
Protein Electrophoresis (abnormal result warrants further follow up)
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13
Q

Acute Phase Reactants: Which are Positive (+APR) and Negative (-APR)?

A

Pos: Alpha-1antitrypsin (AAT), Hepatoglobin (HPT), Ceruloplasmin (CER), Fibrinogen (FBG), *C-reactive protein (CRP)
Neg: *Albumin (ALB), Pre-albumin (PALB), Transferrin (TRF)

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14
Q

Pre-albumin (PALB)

A
  • Sensitive marker of nutritional status
  • Transports thyroid hormone and retinol
  • Routine clinical methods are not sensitive to visualize on SPE (Serum protein electrophoresis)
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15
Q

Decreased PALB (Prealbumin)

A
  1. Liver disease (dec synthesis)
  2. Malnutrition, anorexia, malabsorption
    (-APR) Acute phase reactants
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16
Q

Albumin (ALB)

A
  • Most predominant protein of TSP
  • Functions to maintain oncotic pressure of plasma
  • Predominant protein lost in renal disease
  • Transports less soluble compounds
  • Synthesized in liver
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17
Q

Decreased ALB (Albumin)

A

Liver disease, renal disease (NS), GI loss, (-APR)

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18
Q

Increased ALB (Albumin)

A

Dehydration

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19
Q

Alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT)

A

Majority of alpha-1-globulins
Neutralizes trypsin-like enzymes
Phenotype MM

20
Q

Decreased AAT (Alpha-1-antitrypsin)

A

Severe pulmonary disease, liver disease, juvenile hepatic cirrhosis

21
Q

Increased AAT (Alpha-1-antitrypsin)

A

(+APR)

22
Q

Aplha-2-macroglobulin (AMG)

A

HUGE protein: unable to pass glomerulus

Inhibits protease, inhibits thrombin

23
Q

Increased AMG (Alpha-2-macroglobulin)

A

Nephrotic Syndrome (Up to 10x, maintains oncotic pressure in absence of albumin)

24
Q

Haptoglobin (HPT)

A

-Binds free hemoglobin

25
Q

Decreased Haptoglobin (HPT)

A

Hemolytic anemia

26
Q

Increased Haptoglobin (HPT)

A

(+APR)

27
Q

Ceruloplasmin (CER)

A

Contains >90% copper

28
Q

Decreased Ceruloplasmin (CER)

A

Associated w/ Wilson’s disease (dec serum copper, inc urine copper)
Liver Disease

29
Q

Increased Ceruloplasmin (CER)

A

(+APR)

30
Q

Transferrin (TRF)

A

Major component of beta-globulins

Transports iron in plasma

31
Q

Decreased Transferrin (TRF)

A

Liver disease, renal disease, (-APR)

32
Q

Increased Transferrin (TRF)

A

Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA)

33
Q

Beta-lipoprotein (LDL)

A 
"Bad cholesterol"
Transports lipids (esp. cholesterol) through plasma
34
Q

Increased Beta-lipoprotein (LDL)

A

Nephrotic syndrome, Increased risk of CHD

35
Q

Complement C3 Component

A
  • Components of beta globulins

- Participates in immune response contributing to cell lysis

36
Q

Decreased Complement C3 Component

A

Recurrent infections

37
Q

C-Reactive Protein (CRP)

A

Most sensitive of the APRs: levels rise within 24-48 hrs.

Serial measurements helpful

38
Q

Increased C-Reactive Protein (CRP)

A

Inflammatory response

Cardiac risk assessment (need ‘high sensitivity’ method)

39
Q

Imunoglobulins (Ig)

A
  • Gamma globulins
  • Antibodies: heavy chain, light chain
  • Produced by plasma cells (B-cells) in bone marrow
40
Q

Decreased Immunoglobulins (Ig)

A

“hypogammaglobulinemia”:
Congenital, genetic (Selective IgA, Bruton’s)
Acquired (NS, AIDS)

41
Q

Increased Immunoglobulins (Ig)

A

“hypergammaglobulinemia”:

  • Polyclonal increase: response to infecion
  • Monoclonal increase: unrestrained proliferation (multiple myeloma, waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia)
42
Q

Increased Urine Protein

A
  • Increased glomerular permeability (NS, renal disease)
  • Multiple Myeloma (paraprotein)
  • Intravascular hemolysis (hemoglobin)
  • Tubular failure (drugs, toxins)
43
Q

CSF Protein

A

Proteins in CSF from plasma, Normal pattern similar to SPE but in lower conc., Concurrent serum

44
Q

CSF Protein Clinically measured why?

A

Assess integrity of blood brain barrier

Aid in diagnosis of disease

45
Q

Increased CSF Protein

A

Meningitis, Multiple Sclerosis

Med Lab Test 2 (9 decks)

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