Prostate Cancer Flashcards
What is the prevalence of prostate cancer in the West.
40% of males born in the Western world will develop prostatic cancer.
What percentage of men in the West with prostate cancer will be diagnosed with prostate cancer.
10%.
What percentage of men in the West with prostate cancer will die from the disease.
3%.
What part of the world has a low incidence of prostate cancer.
Asia.
What ethnic group has a higher incidence of prostate cancer.
African-American men.
What are the risk factors for developing prostate cancer. (2)
Aging.
Positive family history.
What are your chances of developing prostate cancer if you have 1 first degree relative with prostate cancer.
Twice as likely.
What are your chances of developing prostate cancer if you have 2 first degree relative with prostate cancer.
Five times more likely.
What are the symptoms of prostate cancer. (3)
Voiding symptoms (hesitancy, poor stream, terminal dribbling). Storage symptoms (nocturia). Haematuria/spermia.
How is prostate cancer usually diagnosed in asymptomatic men.
PSA screening.
What are the physical signs of prostate cancer. (8)
Hard nodular prostate on PR exam (stony hard).
Occasionally incidental diagnosis after TURP.
Can present as advanced disease with:
Acute renal failure from ureteric obstruction.
Bone pain.
Pathological fracture.
Spinal cord compression.
Malaise.
Weight loss.
How is prostate cancer staged.
TNM
What is a T1 prostate cancer.
Impalpable and not visible on imaging.
What is a T2 prostate cancer.
Tumour confined within the prostate.
What is a T3 prostate cancer.
Tumour extends outside of the prostate capsule.
What is a T4 prostate cancer.
Tumour invades adjacent structures.
What are the adjacent structures that can be invaded in prostate cancer. (ie T4). (3)
Bladder.
Pelvic wall.
Levator ani.
What percentage of male cancers is prostatic cancer accountable for.
7%
Histologically, what are most prostatic tumours.
Adenocarcinomas.
What are the symptoms of metastatic spread of prostate cancer. (4)
Back pain.
Weight loss.
Anaemia.
Obstruction of the ureters.
What is the basis of the Gleason scoring system for grading prostatic cancer.
Histological appearance.
What is the average age of presentation of prostatic caner.
70
Bony metastases of prostatic cancers are usually to the______ and ________
Lumbar spine.
Pelvis.
Where within the prostate do most cancers develop.
Within the peripheral zone.
Is there a genetic predisposition to developing prostate cancer.
Yes, a family history of prostate cancer greatly increases a man’s chances of developing the disease.
On PR exam of a man with prostatic cancer, what features of the prostate may be lost.
Median sulcus.
What percentage of prostatic tumours are impalpable.
Up to 45%
By how much is your risk of developing prostate cancer increased with a positive family history.
2-3 times more likely.
In what percentage of small prostatic cancers is PSA normal.
30% of small cancers.
