Prosopagnosia essay🐙

Question 1

What is prosopagnosia?

Answer 1

A condition characterized by difficulty in recognizing faces.

Question 2

What are the two types of prosopagnosia?

Answer 2

Congenital (CP) and Acquired (AP).

Question 3

What are the core deficits of prosopagnosia?

Answer 3

Inability to recognize familiar faces, affecting social interaction and daily life.

Question 4

What is the purpose of studying prosopagnosia in the given text?

Answer 4

To explore the differences between CP and AP, examine treatment options, and compare face processing deficits with another condition like ASD.

Question 5

What is another name for congenital prosopagnosia (CP)?

Answer 5

Developmental or hereditary prosopagnosia.

Question 6

How is CP defined?

Answer 6

A failure to develop the ability to recognize faces without neurological illness or brain injury (Bate & Tree, 2017).

Question 7

What prevalence rate did Kennerknecht et al. (2006) find for CP?

Answer 7

2.5% in young adults in Germany.

Question 8

What did Kennerknecht et al. observe about the familial nature of CP?

Answer 8

All 14 CPs in their study had family members with CP, suggesting a genetic basis.

Question 9

What are common symptoms of CP?

Answer 9

Irritation in trying to recognize someone, failure to recognize familiar people, and mistakenly recognizing unfamiliar individuals.

Question 10

When does CP typically onset, and when is it often realized?

Answer 10

Onset occurs in childhood, but many individuals only realize they have CP in adulthood.

Question 11

Is CP associative or apperceptive?

Answer 11

Associative—faces are perceived but cannot be linked to identity.

Question 12

What neuroanatomical finding is linked to CP?

Answer 12

Structural differences in the FFA (Behrmann et al., 2007).

Question 13

What causes acquired prosopagnosia (AP)?

Answer 13

Brain injury or illness, making it a heterogeneous disorder.

Question 14

What are the two types of AP, and how do they differ?

Answer 14

Apperceptive: Failure to perceive face structure.

Associative: Failure to link faces with identity or memory.

Question 15

What is the range of symptoms in AP?

Answer 15

Symptoms range from partial deficits to complete inability to recognize faces.

Question 16

Which brain regions are implicated in AP?

Answer 16

Lesions in the occipital face area (OFA) and fusiform face area (FFA).

Question 17

What is the primary difficulty in apperceptive prosopagnosia (APP)?

Answer 17

Difficulty forming a holistic representation of faces, with severe cases failing to detect faces entirely.

Question 18

What is the primary deficit in associative prosopagnosia (ACP)?

Answer 18

Ability to perceive faces but inability to recognize them as familiar or associate them with memory.

Question 19

What other associations may be impaired in ACP?

Answer 19

Emotional and semantic associations.

Question 20

What does the Haxby Model (2000) suggest about APP and ACP?

Answer 20

APP: Deficits in the core system (OFA and FFA).

ACP: Deficits in the extended system (e.g., amygdala, auditory cortex).

Question 21

Who is WJ, and what is significant about his case?

Answer 21

A man with severe prosopagnosia after three strokes who could recognize individual sheep with 80-90% accuracy but struggled with human face recognition.

Question 22

How does ASD affect face processing?

Answer 22

Reliance on individual facial features, difficulty recognizing and interpreting emotions, and slower responses to neutral expressions.

Question 23

How do prosopagnosia and ASD differ in their effects?

Answer 23

Prosopagnosia affects identity recognition, while ASD impacts social and emotional processing.

Question 24

Which brain regions are implicated in prosopagnosia and ASD, and how?

Answer 24

FFA: Impaired in both conditions, with different outcomes.

Amygdala: Atypical activation in ASD affects emotion recognition; less consistently implicated in prosopagnosia.

Question 25

What behavioral strategies are used for congenital prosopagnosia?

Answer 25

Reliance on non-facial cues (e.g., voice, clothing) and training to identify individuals using unique attributes.

Question 26

What are the limitations of treatments for CP?

Answer 26

Limited generalization to daily life and greater potential for improvement in children due to neural plasticity.

Question 27

What compensatory techniques are used for acquired prosopagnosia?

Answer 27

Verbal strategies or distinctive feature encoding (e.g., Powell et al., 2008).

Question 28

What challenges limit AP treatment’s ability to succeed?

Answer 28

Limited transferability beyond trained faces.

Question 29

How do CP and AP differ?

Answer 29

They differ in onset, causes, and underlying mechanisms.

Question 30

What shared challenges do CP and AP have?

Answer 30

Both involve difficulties recognizing familiar faces, with deficits varying by type (apperceptive vs. associative).

Question 31

How does prosopagnosia compare to ASD?

Answer 31

Prosopagnosia primarily affects identity recognition, while ASD impacts emotion and social processing.

Question 32

What are the implications of studying prosopagnosia?

Answer 32

Understanding neural mechanisms for developing interventions, with limited but promising treatment options.

Question 33

What are future directions for research in prosopagnosia?

Answer 33

Investigating neural plasticity, compensatory techniques, and cross-condition comparisons.