Prosocial behaviour and aggression and bullying Flashcards
What is prosocial behaviour?
Prosocial behaviour is the act of doing something for someone else’s benefit, which can either be costly or not.
What are the benefits to prosocial behaviour?
- Enhanced reputation
- Enhanced self -esteem
- Development of empathy
Discuss parent-child relationships and how prosocial behaviour develops.
- Parents who are empathetic and score highly on perspective taking tasks, and respond sensitively to their children’s needs are more likely to rear children who have high empathy levels.
- Children who reflect on their actions are more likely to have high empathy.
- Securely attached children (type B) are more likely to demonstrate more empathy towards their peers.
With parent-child relationships, how does this internalisation of prosocial values happen in children? Cite a study.
Grusse and Goodnow (1994)
- Perception of prosocial values.
- Acceptance of these values.
How do siblings affect prosocial behaviour?
- Experiences with siblings can influence prosocial behaviour.
- There are implications of sensitivity and empathy towards others.
How do peers affect prosocial behaviour? Cite studies.
McGuire (1994) states that prosocial behaviour with peers usually occur when both parties know each other already.
This is further highlighted in Boulton et al. (1999):
- Children are more likely to perform prosocial behaviour when they are in a reciprocated friendship.
Are there any differences with prosocial behaviour in different genders?
It’s a common misconception that girls are more prosocial than boys, but there are very little studies to support this claim, and can mostly be explained by boys conforming to gender stereotypes and norms than displaying their actual behaviour and emotions.
Are there any cultural differences to prosocial behaviour?
Prosocial cultures where women have responsibility to raise the children to adopt prosocial behaviours.
Cultures that place high value on individual success are likely to be more competitive than cooperative.
What did Piaget have to say about the development of prosocial behaviour?
Children developed moral reasoning aged 9-10 and upwards.
Girls mature faster than boys.
What did Kohlberg have to say about the development of prosocial behaviour? Explain the stages.
Kohlberg’s moral reasoning occurred in 4 stages:
- conformity and obedience: there is acknowledgement that what their actions will possibly lead to.
- self interest: what does doing this action do for you?
- socially accepted: react in a way in which you won’t get cancelled and others accept you lol
- authority and maintaining order: act in a way to maintain law and order.
What is the Domain Approach?
- takes into diversity and values within other cultures.
- proposes that moral concepts are universal, but social situations will differ.
- children’s moral development grows from specific personal experiences.
How is children’s thinking split according to Turiel (2002)?
- Morality
- Social convention
Children respond more frequently to moral transgressions which focus more on children’s violations of social conventions.
What is dominance?
dominance refers to being able to get one’s way or take precedence over others.
What is aggression?
Aggression is intentional behaviour to harm others.
What forms of aggression are there?
Direct: being outright abusive, whether physically or verbally.
Indirect: passive aggression; telling false stories, exaggerating, becoming friends with someone as revenge.
