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Coursera: Anatomy, Musculoskeletal and Integumentary Systems > Properties of the Integumentary System > Flashcards

Properties of the Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

Layers of the Skin. (3 points)

A

Epidermis, Dermis, Subcutaneous layer.

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2
Q

Functions of the Skin: Protection by Proteins in the Epidermis. (3 points)

A

Keratin Protein (Strong).
Provides strength and protection in the superficial layer (epidermis).
Keratinocytes synthesise keratin.

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3
Q

Functions of the Skin: Protection by Lipids in the Epidermis. (1 point)

A

Secretes cells and sits around them - fills up space between cells.

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4
Q

Functions of the Skin: Protection by Glandular Secretions in the Epidermis.

A

Sweat / Sudoriferous glands.
Oil / Sebaceous glands.
Important in thermoregulation & skin/hair moisture. Bacterial inhibition (sebaceous glands).

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5
Q

Functions of the Skin: Protection by Melanin pigment in the Epidermis.

A

Synthesised in melanocytes.

Protection from UV radiation (covers nuclei of keratinocytes).

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6
Q

Functions of the Skin: Protection by Blood Reservoir in the Dermis.

A

In a resting adult, 10% of blood is running through the dermis.
Important in thermoregulation & homeostasis by vasoconstriction and vasodilation.

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7
Q

Vascularity in the Epidermis & Dermis.

A

Epidermis is avascular.

Dermis is vascular.

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8
Q

Functions of the Skin: Thermoregulation in the Dermis (Vasodilation)

A

Blood reservoir.
Vasculature widens, allowing more blood to pool into area. Heat in blood then travels to the skin’s surface & evaporates.
Sweat when core body temperature rises allows for cooling to occur.

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9
Q

Functions of the Skin: Thermoregulation in the Dermis (Vasoconstriction)

A

Blood reservoir.
Vasculature gets smaller, allowing less blood to travel through the dermis.
Heat associated with the blood is conserved, allowing it to stay within deeper layers of the body - thus keeping it warm.
Keeps core body temperature stable as opposed to heat losses by vasodilation & sweat.

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10
Q

Functions of the Skin: Thermoregulation in the Subcutaneous layer / hypodermis

A

Contains adipose tissue, serving as a heat & energy storage site.

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11
Q

Functions of the Skin: Cutaneous sensation.

A

“Cut-“ meaning skin.

Stimuli is received from the external environment and is integrated through the Central Nervous System (CNS).

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12
Q

Functions of the Skin: Secretion of sweat by Sudoriferous Glands.

A

Eccrine sweat glands: not much smell, after exercise.

Apocrine sweat glands: not until after puberty, during sexual excitement or extreme nervousness.

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13
Q

Functions of the Skin: Secretion of sweat by Sebaceous Glands.

A

Oily secretions.

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14
Q

Functions of the Skin: Absorption.

A

Sweat,

Lipid-soluble materials.

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15
Q

Functions of the Skin: Synthesis of Vitamin D.

A

Activation of precursor molecule in the skin by UVB radiation.

Enzymes in the liver & kidney’s modify the precursor molecule to form the active form of Vitamin D known as Calcitriol.

Calcitriol plays an important role in the GI system for immune function.

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16
Q

Describe the Epidermis.

A

Keratinised stratified squamous epithelial tissue.

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17
Q

Explain the term “Keratinised” in the description of the epidermal layer - “Keratinised stratified squamous epithelial tissue”.

A

Keratin: protects against heat, microbes & abrasions.

Selectively allows certain substances into the deeper layers of the skin.

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18
Q

Explain the term “Stratified” in the description of the epidermal layer - “Keratinised stratified squamous epithelial tissue”.

A

More than one layer thick.

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19
Q

Explain the term “Squamous” in the description of the epidermal layer - “Keratinised stratified squamous epithelial tissue”.

A

Flat, elongated cell type.
The more superficial layers of the epidermis will have cells that are “squamous” / extremely flat because they’re dead cells. Thus, these cells can peel/shed from the surface.

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20
Q

Explain the term “Epithelial” in the description of the epidermal layer - “Keratinised stratified squamous epithelial tissue”.

A

1 of the 4 main body tissue types.

Epithelial tissue lines the surface of the body (i.e. GI tract, integumentary system).

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21
Q

Name the 4 Epidermis cell types.

A

Keratinocytes, Melanocytes, Langerhans Cells, Merkel Cells.

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22
Q

Describe features of Keratinocytes in the Epidermis.

A

Composes >90% of epidermis.
Produces keratin protein & lamellar granules (portions between keratinocytes serving as added protection).
Contained in all layers of the epidermis.

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23
Q

Describe features of Melanocytes in the Epidermis.

A

Produces melanin.
Protection from UVB Radiation.
Spider-like projections (processes that sit between keratinocytes, allowing for small melanin pigments to move into keratinocytes to protect their nuclei).
Generally located in the deeper layers of the epidermis.

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24
Q

Describe features of Langerhans Cells in the Epidermis.

A

Langerhans Cells are Intraepidermal Macrophages.
Important in immune responses - macrophages engulf microbes from within the epidermis.
Generally present within the deeper layers of the epidermis.

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25
Q

Describe features of Merkel Cells in the Epidermis.

A

Merkel Cells are Tactile Epithelial Cells.
Touch Receptors.
Unique - most sensory receptors are located in the dermis.
Located in the deepest layer of the epidermis.

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26
Q

Describe the term “Keratinised” in the definition of the epidermis: Keratinised Stratified Squamous Epithelial tissue.

A

Keratin - protects against heat, microbes & abrasions.

Selectively allows certain substances into deeper skin layers.

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27
Q

Describe the term “Stratified” in the definition of the epidermis: Keratinised Stratified Squamous Epithelial tissue.

A

“more than one layer”

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28
Q

Describe the term “Squamous” in the definition of the epidermis: Keratinised Stratified Squamous Epithelial tissue.

A

Flat, elongated cell type.

Present in more superficial layers of the epidermis - because these layers are dead cells, so can be peeled/rubbed off.

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29
Q

Describe the term “Epithelial” in the definition of the epidermis: Keratinised Stratified Squamous Epithelial tissue.

A

1 of the 4 main body tissue types.

Lines the surfaces of the body. i.e. GI tract & integumentary system.

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30
Q

Name the 4 epidermal cell types.

A

Keratinocytes,
Melanocytes,
Langerhans Cells (intraepidermal macrophages),
Merkel Cells (Tactile epithelial cells).

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31
Q

Describe Keratinocytes.

A

1 of the 4 main epidermal cell types.
composes >90% of the epidermis.
Produces keratin protein & lamellar granules (portions between keratinocytes serving as added protection).
In all layers of the epidermis.

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32
Q

Describe Melanocytes.

A

Produces melanin - pigment that protects melanocytes against UVB radiation.

Spider-like projections - processes that sit between keratinocyte cells, allowing small melanin pigments to move into keratinocytes and protect their nuclei.

Generally in the deeper layers of the epidermis. (Stratum Basale).

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33
Q

Describe Langerhans Cells.

A

AKA Intraepidermal macrophages - engulf microbes from within the epidermis.
Involved in immune responses.
Generally in the deeper layers of the epidermis.

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34
Q

Describe Merkel Cells.

A

AKA Tactile epithelial cells.
Touch receptors.
Unique - most sensory receptors are in the dermis.
Located in the deepest layer of the epidermis.

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35
Q

Describe Apoptosis.

A

AKA Cellular death.
Normal process in cell cycle.
Lose skin cells from most superficial layers.

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36
Q

What is another name for Cellular death?

A

Apoptosis.

37
Q

What is another name for Tactile Epithelial Cells?

A

Merkel Cells.

38
Q

What is another name for Merkel Cells?

A

Tactile Epithelial Cells.

39
Q

What is another name for Intraepidermal Macrophages?

A

Langerhans Cells.

40
Q

What is another name for Langerhans Cells?

A

Intraepidermal Macrophages.

41
Q

Where is “thick skin” located?

A

2 main areas:
Palms of hands & digits,
Soles of feet & digits.

42
Q

What type of skin is located at the palms of hands, soles of feet, and digits of both hands & feet?

A

Thick Skin.

43
Q

What is the mnemonic for the layers of skin in order from the most superficial to the least?

A

“Come, Let’s Get Sun-Burned.”

Corneum, Lucidum, Granulosum, Spinosum and Basale.

44
Q

Is the mnemonic “Come, Let’s Get Sun-Burned” in order from most or least superficial?

A

Most superficial to least superficial/deepest.

45
Q

Describe the skin layer: Stratum Corneum.

A

Variably thick - between 5 & 50 cell layers thick.
Dead, squamous Stratum Corneum Keratinocytes.
AKA “Corneocytes”.

46
Q

Describe the skin layer: Stratum Lucidum.

A

Only present in THICK skin.
Non-descript layer.
3-5 layers thick.
Only composed of dead keratinocytes.

47
Q

Describe the skin layer: Stratum Granulosum.

A

Fixed skin.

“Transition layer”: some cells are alive or undergoing/undergone apoptosis.

48
Q

Describe the skin layer: Stratum Spinosum.

A

Numerous layers of Keratinocytes,
Some Melanocytes & Langerhans cells are present throughout but predominantly Keratinocytes.
Some layers retain the ability to divide.

49
Q

Describe the skin layer: Stratum Basale.

A

Unique: only a single layer of cells.
Melanocytes, Merkel cells (meeting up with nerve cells), and Langerhans cells.
Contains stem cells, which differentiate and move superficially.

50
Q

Which skin layer is only present in thick skin?

A

Stratum Lucidum.

51
Q

Histology of Stratum Spinosum.

A

When creating slides, spinosum layer was observed to be dry & “spiny”.

52
Q

Histology of Stratum Spinosum.

A

When creating slides, spinosum layer was observed to be dry & “spiny”.

In living individuals, Spinosum cells are robust & large compared to other layers.

53
Q

Features of deeper layers of the epidermis.

A

Most alive, round, capable of reproducing.

54
Q

Features of more superficial layers of the epidermis.

A

Flat, dead or closer to apoptosis,

Approx. from Stratum Granulosum up.

55
Q

What cell type makes up the majority epidermal layers other than the Stratum Basale?

A

Keratinocytes.

56
Q

Describe the Hypodermis?

A

Not considered properly a part of the skin (epidermis & dermis only),
Composed of adipose tissue,
Contains: subcutaneous layer, superficial fascia, deep fascia (surrounds muscle & bone).

57
Q

Traits of adipose tissue: function? vascularised?

A

Important in thermoregulation & energy storage.
Vascularised throughout subcutaneous layer,
The more adipose tissue in the Hypodermis, the more blood vessels are going to be created, the more vascularised the region.

58
Q

How long does it take for Keratinocytes to develop into Stratum Basale & for that to move more superficially to the Stratum Corneum?

A

Approximately 4 weeks,

Abrasions, lacerations, burns speed up this process.

59
Q

Describe Psoriasis.

A

Chronic Skin Disorder.
Keratinocytes divide and are produced quicker, moving more superficially than a typical individual.
Creation of plaques - white, scaly-like, redness, inflammation.
Cells don’t undergo proper developmental process - atypical corneocytes at Stratum Corneum.

60
Q

Describe Dandruff (2 points).

A

Similar to Psoriasis.

Located solely at the scalp.

61
Q

What does the Dermis contain? (5 points)

A 
Hair roots,
Muscle associated with hair,
Sensory receptors,
Glands,
Large blood supply - up to 10% of body's blood supply travels through here.
62
Q

What is the dermis in terms of nutrients & vascularisation? (2 points)

A

Dermis is avascular.

Dermis is the nutrient supply of the epidermis.

63
Q

What cells is the Dermis composed of? (3 points)

A

Mostly fibroblasts,
Macrophages,
Apipocytes.

64
Q

Describe Fibroblasts in the Dermis layer?

A

“-blast” meaning secretion.
Creation of collagen / elastic fibres.
Tensile strength.

65
Q

Describe Macrophages in the Dermis layer?

A

Engulf microbes and pathogens.

66
Q

Describe Adipocytes in the Dermis layer?

A

In deepest layers of the dermis.
Fat cells (adipose cells).
Closely associated with the Hypodermis.

67
Q

Name the 2 divisions of the Dermis.

A

Papillary region,

Reticular region.

68
Q

Describe the Papillary region of the Dermis.

A

Smaller region - approx. 20% of the dermis.

Ridges/Projections of the dermis move into the epidermis and vice versa. (results in fingerprints).

69
Q

Describe the Reticular region of the Dermis.

A

Thicker region (approx. 80% of dermis).
Contains glands and sensory receptors.
More organised in terms of collagen & elastic fibres:
distinct “lines of cleavage”/”tension lines”/”Langer lines” pattern.

70
Q

4 clinical considerations of the dermis (organisation of reticular region - Langer lines). 3 points.

A

Affects how wounds heal.

A wound that cuts through the skin against the Langer lines will cause the wound to gape & heal with additional scar tissue.

A wound that cuts parallel to the Langer lines will heal less noticably (less scar tissue) - better chance of healing aesthetically well.

71
Q

Describe the production of Melanin.

A

Synthesised from amino acid Tyrosine in the presence of enzyme Tyrosinase.
Affects skin, hair & iris colour.

72
Q

Describe albinism.

A

Melanocytes unable to synthesise Tyrosinase.

No melanin pigment is produced.

73
Q

State 3 functions of Melanin.

A

Absorbs UV radiation.
Prevents damage to DNA in Keratinocytes.
Neutralises free radicals.

74
Q

Describe a function of melanin: absorption UV Radiation.

A

If exposed to UV radiation, melanin production increases - thus, a “tan” as skin darkens.

75
Q

Describe a function of melanin: prevents damage to DNA in Keratinocytes.

A

Melanocyte processes allow melanin to move into keratinocyte regions to protect nuclei and DNA.

76
Q

Describe a function of melanin: neutralises free radicals.

A

Can lead to cancer if melanin isn’t a good enough protection.

77
Q

Effects of melanin on skin, hair & eye colour.

A

Melanocyte numbers are similar among all individuals.
Differing amounts of melanin pigment are produced & transferred to keratinocytes.
Different types of melanin pigments are produced.

78
Q

Clinical considerations of melanin pigment production: Sunburn.

A

UV radiation exposure, increase in melanin produced (but to a limited extent).
If UV exposure supersedes the amount of protection that melanin can provide once produced, sunburn occurs.

79
Q

Clinical considerations of melanin pigment production: Freckles/Age spots (AKA liver spots).

A

Accumulation of melanin pigment.

80
Q

Clinical considerations of melanin pigment production: Moles.

A

Typically benign accumulations of melanocytes.
Typically raised.
Often darker, but not always.
Can be associated with skin cancer.

81
Q

Clinical considerations of melanin pigment production: Skin cancer (basal cell carcinoma).

A

Approx. 78% frequency.
Least serious type.
Can lead to malignancy but often if removed, high incidence of survival.

82
Q

Clinical considerations of melanin pigment production: Skin cancer (Squamous cell carcinoma).

A

Approx. 20% frequency.
Originates in the Stratum Spinosum.
Intermediate mortality rate.

83
Q

Clinical considerations of melanin pigment production: Skin cancer (Malignant melanoma).

A

Approx. 2% frequency.
Originates in melanocytes.
High incidence of mortality.

84
Q

What is a gland?

A

A collection of epithelial cells/tissue that excrete material. There are 2 types of integumentary glands.
Endocrine glands - release secretions into the bloodstream or interstitial fluid within the body.
Exocrine glands - release secretions onto a surface/external environment (i.e. skin, oral cavity).

85
Q

Name the 2 types of exocrine glands.

A

Sebaceous glands (oil) & sudoriferous glands (sweat).

86
Q

Describe sebaceous (oil) exocrine glands.

A

Releases sebum secretions.
Associated with hair follicles.
lubricates shaft of hair (external surface of skin).
Typically relatively inactive in younger individuals until puberty/adolescence. At puberty, sebaceous glands become larger, secrete more sebum, can cause infection in secretion region which leads to acne.

87
Q

Name the 2 types of sudoriferous exocrine glands.

A 
Eccrine glands (sweat).
Apocrine glands.
88
Q

Describe eccrine glands.

A

Most abundant,
Important in thermoregulation,
sweat (water-like, odourless sweat secreted throughout body).

89
Q

Describe apocrine glands.

A

Associated with armpit/axillary, beard & external genitalia regions.
Activated in times of embarrassment & sexual excitement.
Has an odour.
Less abundant.

Coursera: Anatomy, Musculoskeletal and Integumentary Systems (5 decks)

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