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Physiology Final Exam > Properties of Respiratory Gases > Flashcards

Properties of Respiratory Gases Flashcards

1
Q

Respiration

A

mechanisms that promote the delivery of CO2 from active cells to the environment and oxygen from the environment to active cells

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2
Q

How does oxygen primarily leave the body?

A

H2O and CO2

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3
Q

Respiratory exchange ratio

A

the ration of CO2 production to oxygen consumption; normally between 0.7-1.0

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4
Q

What are two ways that gases move through a distance?

A

diffusion and bulk flow

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5
Q

Diffusion

A

a very efficient process for moving molecules from one area to another as long as the distance is very small

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6
Q

The __ is a gas exchanger that brings oxygen into contact with blood and removes carbon dioxide from the blood to the external environment.

A

respiratory system

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7
Q

Bulk flow

A

delivers oxygen rich air to the alveoli (skeletal muscles supply the energy) and to tissues (cardiac muscles supply the energy)

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8
Q

Ventilation

A

the process by which atmospheric air is delivered into and out of the lungs

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9
Q

Minute ventilation

A

the amount of air that enters or leaves the lungs per minute and is equal to the tidal volume X rate

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10
Q

Perfusion

A

the delivery of blood in small capillaries that surround the alveolar spaces in the lungs

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11
Q

Diffusion

A

the passive movement of gases from an area of high partial pressure to an area of lower partial pressure

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12
Q

Circulation

A

the bulk flow of blood from one area of the body to another

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13
Q

Differences between pulmonary and systemic circulation?

A

Lower pressure and lower resistance in pulmonary

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14
Q

The pressure of a gas in a container is dependent upon what 3 things?

A
  1. kinetic energy
  2. the number of gas molecules
  3. the volume of the container
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15
Q

STPD

A

Standard Temperature Pressure Dry (0 degrees, 760 mmHg)

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16
Q

BTPS

A

Body Temperature Pressure Saturated (with water)

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17
Q

Tension

A

pressure of a gas

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18
Q

Ideal Gas Law

A

PV = nRT

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19
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

relationship between P and V at a given temperature

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20
Q

Charles’ Law

A

relationship between T and V at a given pressure

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21
Q

Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures

A

the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases equals the sum of the individual pressures that each gas would exert individually if it alone occupied the entire volume

22
Q

The ___ the temperature, the more vapor pressure is exerted and the ___ the temperature, the lower the vapor pressure will be.

A

higher

lower

23
Q

Henry’s Law

A

the volume of a slightly soluble gas that dissolves in a given mass of liquid at a specific temperature is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas

24
Q

The solubility of a gas ___ as the temperature increases.

A

decreases

25
Q

The amount of oxygen transported in the ___ state is quite small. However, not all of the oxygen in blood is transferred in this state. Most of it is bound to ___.

A

dissolved

hemoglobin

26
Q

A major factor involved in pulmonary gas exchange is __.

A

simple diffusion

27
Q

If a specific gas has a higher partial pressure in the gaseous mixture than in the water, the the net transfer will be into the ___. The rate will be affected by 3 things. Name them.

A

water

  1. partial pressure gradient
  2. solubility of the gas in the water
  3. temperature
28
Q

What 5 things does the rate of diffusion depend on?

A
  1. partial pressure gradient
  2. cross-sectional area of the diffusion pathway
  3. the solubility of the gas in the medium
  4. the distance traveled
  5. the molecular weight of the gas

D = (P x A x S) / (d x sqr(MW))

29
Q

Oxygen diffuses more rapidly than carbon dioxide in the alveolar gas phase. Why?

A

Based on molecular weight, carbon dioxide is 20% slower than oxygen, but based on solubility it is 24 times faster. The bottom line is that the diffusion coefficient for CO2 is over 20 times that of oxygen. The diffusion rate of CO2 in water phase is high compared to that of oxygen. Therefore, CO2 diffuses more rapidly in water than oxygen, although CO2 diffuses more slowly in the alveolar gas phase.

30
Q

Gas diffusion in the alveoli is __.

A

fast

31
Q

How much of the gas enters into solution will depend on ___ of the gas. (HINT: Henry’s Law)

A

solubility

32
Q

The gas tensions of the blood leaving the alveolar capillary are roughly equal to the average tensions of the gases in the ___.

A

alveolus

33
Q

Respiratory Membrane

A

number of structures or layers which gases must pass through to move from an alveolar capillary into an alveolus or vice versa
Includes: Alveolar Membrane, Interstitial Fluids, Capillary Membrane, Plasma, RBCs

34
Q

The movement of gases through a respiratory membrane is dependent on what 4 factors?

A

surface area, thickness, partial pressure differences, diffusion coefficients

35
Q

Total respiratory surface area

A

the sum of the available individual surface areas of all the alveoli in both lungs

36
Q

Diffusion Coefficient

A

wholly physical and depends primarily on the molecular weight of the gas and its solubility in the membrane. CO2 diffuses 20 times more than O2 in an aq liquid

37
Q

Movement of O2 into the blood, as well as transfer of CO2 into the alveoli, is by __ diffusion.

A

passive

38
Q

Diffusion capacity

A

the volume of a gas that diffuses through a membrane per minute down a 1 mmHg pressure gradient across the membrane

39
Q

Oxygen diffusion capacity in terms of STPD is __ mlmin/mm Hg

A

20, but during strenuous exercise it can increase up to 65 because of capillary dilation and an increase in the total number of pulmonary capillaries that are open

40
Q

CO2 retention is rarely a problem, whereas damage to the __ can impair oxygen uptake seriously.

A

respiratory membrane

41
Q

Oxygen concentration (PO2) in alveolar air at any moment depends on what 2 things?

A
  1. alveolar ventilation rate

2. rate at which O2 is absorbed into pulmonary capillary blood

42
Q

If cardiac output increases in a normal animal, the point at which equilibrium occurs moves back on the curve However, the time required does not increase as much as cardiac output increases. This is because the lungs have 2 safety mechanisms. Name them.

A
  1. recruitment of unperfused capillary beds

2. dilation of previously perfused capillaries

43
Q

Insufficient time for oxygen equilibration can impair oxygen transport across the alveolar capillary bed under at least 3 kinds of condiions:

A
  1. Increased diffusion path length
  2. Reduction in capillary bed
  3. Reduced alveolar PO2
44
Q

The transfer of a gas between perialveolar blood and alveolus requires that the alveolar capillary be __ and that gas ___ takes places across the respiratory membrane.

A

perfusion

diffusion

45
Q

__ is more limited than diffusion.

A

perfusion

46
Q

Name 2 gases that are perfusion-limited.

A

oxyen, nitrous oxide

47
Q

The PCO2 depends on what 2 factors?

A
  1. the rate of elimination of CO2 from pulmonary capillary blood
  2. on the rate at which CO2 is exhaled from the lungs
48
Q

Alveolar PCO2 __ in direct proportion to the CO2 transfer rate and it __ as the alveolar ventilation rate increases.

A

increases

decreases

49
Q

Name a gas that is diffusion-limited.

A

CO

50
Q

The affinity of hemoglobin is very high for __ and quickly removes it from the dissolved state.

A

CO

Physiology Final Exam (2 decks)

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