Properties and structures of atoms

Question 1

Nucleus/Nucleons

Answer 1

• proton
• electron
• neutron

Question 2

Electron Configuration

Answer 2

• electrons fill lower energy levels first
  1st = 2 –> n=1
  2nd = 8 –> n=2
  3rd = 18 –> n = 3

Question 3

Isotopes

Answer 3

• an atom that have a different number of neutrons compared to protons –> different atomic masses with same chemical properties

Question 4

Ion

Answer 4

• when an atom gains or loses electrons
  Cation –> positive
  Anion–> negative

Question 5

Energy levels and subshells

Answer 5

• energy levels are split up into subshells and atomic orbitals
• s, p, d, f

Question 6

Atomic Orbitals

Answer 6

1s
2s, 2p
3s, 3p, 3d
4s, 4p, 4d, 4f

d= 5 orbitals –> 10 electrons

1s, 2s 2p, 3s 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s

Question 7

Hund’s Rule

Answer 7

Electrons do no need to pair up until they need to —-> fill all boxes up with one electron and then go back to pair them up

Question 8

Magnetism

Answer 8

Diamagnetic –> when all electrons are paired

Paramagnetic –> when there is one or more unpaired electrons
- means the element can be a magnet

Question 9

Copper and Chromium

Answer 9

Exceptions to Aufbau’s principle

• 4s1 3d5 –> Cr
• 4s1 3d10 –> Cu

The atom is more stable if the 3d orbital is partially or fully filled, as the 4s orbital is similar in energy level to the 3d –> the 3d can steal an electron from the 4s

Question 10

Transition Metals

Answer 10

• transition metals lose their 4s electrons first when forming a cation