Properties and models of bonding

Question 1

a)How does ionic bonding occur?

Answer 1

Ionic bonds form between atoms with large differences in electronegativity, such
as sodium and fluorine. The electrostatic attraction between the oppositely charged ions results in the formation of an ionic bond.

Question 2

What are the key properties of compounds formed through ionic bonding?

Answer 2

High melting and boiling points: Due to the strong electrostatic forces between the oppositely charged ions, a large amount of energy is required to break these bonds (footnote: NaCl melts at 801°C and boils at 1413°C)

Question 3

What kinds of bonds are formed between elements of identical or comparable electronegativities such as H2 or CO?

Answer 3

When elements with identical or comparable electronegativities form bonds, the result is a covalent bond.(footnote: Nonpolar Covalent Bonds: These are formed between atoms of the same element or atoms with very similar electronegativities, such as in H2\text{H}_2H2 (hydrogen molecule). In nonpolar covalent bonds, the electrons are shared equally between the atoms because their electronegativity difference is negligible.
Polar Covalent Bonds: These occur when the atoms have a small difference in electronegativity, causing unequal sharing of electrons. In a molecule like CO (carbon monoxide), the electronegativity of oxygen is higher than that of carbon, so the bond is polar covalent. The shared electrons are more attracted to the oxygen atom, resulting in a partial negative charge on the oxygen and a partial positive charge on the carbon.
)

Question 4

Which property determines the stability of a molecule?

Answer 4

The stability of a molecule is determined by the energy required to dissociate the
molecule into its constituent atoms. The greater the energy required, the more stable
the molecule. The bond energy, also called the bond dissociation energy, is the energy required to break one mole of the particular bond.
(footnote: Bonds generally grow weaker with increasing atomic number,
as shown by the decrease in the bond energies of the hydrogen halides in the order
HF> HCl > HBr > HI)

Question 5

What is metallic bonding and how does it contribute to the properties of metals?

Answer 5

Metallic bonding is the force of attraction between positively charged metal ions and the delocalized electrons that move freely throughout the metal lattice. This type of bonding contributes to the characteristic properties of metals, such as electrical conductivity, malleability, ductility.