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Rhs R2104 > Propagation > Flashcards

Propagation Flashcards

1
Q

State what is meant by the term seed

A

Seeds are a product of sexual reproduction

A typical seed contains an embryo, a supply of nutrients and a seed coat

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2
Q

Identify the benefits to the plant of sexual reproduction

A

Plants that reproduce sexually produce offspring which are genetically different which allows for variation

Variation allows for species to adapt to the environment giving them a survival advantage

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3
Q

Identify the limitation of propagating plants by seed

A
  • takes longer for plant to reach maturity
  • Some plants do not produce viable seed
  • some seeds are difficult to store
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4
Q

Identify the horticultural benefits of propagating plants by seed

A
  • can avoid virus transmission
  • only method of propagation for some plants
  • produces variation, new cultivars can be developed
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5
Q

Describe the internal and external structure of a dicotyledonous seed (Phaseolus vulgaris)

A 
Internal 
Testa : seed coat 
Cotyledon : seed leaf 
Plumule : first shoot 
Hypocotyl : first stem 
Radicle  : first root

External
Micropyle: small hole where seed joined plant
Hilum : scar tissue left by stalk which attached ovule to ovary wall

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6
Q

List 5 plants usually propagated by seed

A 
Nigella damascena
Daucus carota 
Lobelia erinus
Phaseolus vulgaris 
Solanum lycoperiscon
Lolium perenne
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7
Q

State the main horticultural use of seed

A

Growing Vegetables, bedding plants, annuals, lawns

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8
Q

State what is meant by ‘viable seed’

A

A viable seed is one that contains a living embryo and will germinate when all the environmental conditions are suitable

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9
Q

List the requirements for germination

A

Light/dark
Temperature
Moisture
Oxygen

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10
Q

State the meaning of seed dormancy

A

A dormant seed is one that does not germinate even though the environmental conditions are correct. This is often due to the characteristics of the seed itself

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11
Q

Describe the changes taking place in a seed during germination

A
  • Water enters through the testa or micropyle
  • Cells start to rehydrate and expand causing the testa to split
  • Shortly after the beginning of imbibition, respiration increases and metabolic processes resume
  • proteins are broken down into amino acids
  • carbohydrates broken down into simple sugars
  • fats broken down into fatty acids and glycerol
  • cell division is rapidly taking place and first visible sign of growth is the emergence of the radicle which is covered in fine root hairs that begin to absorb water from the soil
  • next to emerge is the plumule growing upwards towards the surface
  • seed has now completed the germination process and has entered seedling stage and the road to maturity begins
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12
Q

Distinguish between hypogeal and epigeal germination

A

Hypogeal germination
Plumule grows leaving the seed and cotyledon below ground
-vicia faba-

Epigeal germination
Radicle grows forcing the seed above ground with its cotyledons
-Phaseolus vulgaris

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13
Q

Describe the preparation and storage of nigella damascena seed

A

Harvest: Harvest during first big heat of summer when flowers are dry

Preparation: Cut dry flowers and place in a bag ready for separation

Separation: shake in the bag to release seeds

Cleaning: remove chaff and any non seed content

Storage: store in an airtight container in the fridge

Packaging: plastic air tight container

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14
Q

Describe the preparation and storage of Phaseolus vulgaris

A

Harvest: harvest bean seeds when they are very hard and pods are dry brittle and papery before first frosts

Preparation: allow the beans to completely dry out indoors

Separation: break the pods to release the seeds on to clean dry surface

Cleaning: remove all chaff and any non seed content

Storage: store bean in cool, dry, dark place. Can tolerate freezing

Packaging: keep in a sealed air tight container

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15
Q

State what is meant by term orthodox seed

A

An orthodox seed is long lived and can be successfully dried to moisture contents as low as 5% without injury and can tolerate freezing

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16
Q

State what is meant by the term recalcitrant seed

A

A recalcitrant seed is one that cannot survive drying or freezing and can only be stored for a few days in cool and moist conditions

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17
Q

Name examples of seeds requiring short term, cool, moist storage

A

Recalcitrant seeds:
Quercus robur
Aesculus hippocastanum

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18
Q

Name example of seeds that require cool dry conditions for storage

A 
Orthodox seeds
Daucus carota
Nigella damascena 
Lobelia erinus
Phaseolus vulgaris
Lolium perenne
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19
Q

State the effect that storage factors have on a seeds ability to germinate

A

The ability of seed germination depends on how it is stored. Temperature, timing and seed moisture content all affect a seeds ability to germinate

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20
Q

Describe the preparation of fleshy fruits (solanum lycopersicum) for seed storage under each of the following headings;
harvesting, maceration, separation, cleaning and drying

A

harvesting:
- collect seeds from fully ripe fruits
- cut the tomato in half and scoop out the seed and pulp into a clean glass jar and top up with water.
- The gel prevents imbibition and must be removed.
- Leave for a few days to begin fermenting. This will break down the seed coat whilst killing off harmful bacteria and fungi
- Check the water every day lightly stirring it, the seeds are ready for cleaning when the pulp floats to the top.
- Most seeds will have sunk to the bottom.

Maceration, cleaning

  • Carefully skim off the pulp then tip the liquid and seed in to a strainer.
  • Wash seeds under running water and using the back of a spoon carefully remove any remaining material stuck to the seeds

Separation and Drying :
-Spread the seeds onto a paper towel to remove most of the water and then transfer them to a non stick surface such as a dinner plate
-Allow the seeds to dry completely in a warm place out of direct sunlight for 2-3 weeks
-

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21
Q

Identify suitable containers and growing media for Begonia semperflorens

A

Begonia semperflorens is a fine seed which should be sown in pots or trays of seed compost.

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22
Q

Describe the method of sowing, pricking out, potting on and after care of begonia semperflorens

A

SOWING:
Sow seeds thinly on the surface of seed or multi purpose compost in pots or trays in feb/march. maintain temperature of 21-25 degrees.
PRICKING OUT:
Once seedlings have produced first true leave prick out into fresh compost and grow 7 cm pots and then again into 12cm pots
POTTING ON:
Plant out in a partial sun, partial shade position in fertile, well drained soil which has a neutral to slightly acidic ph.
AFTERCARE:
Check regularly for damage from pest or disease.
Keep soil moist
Feed every 2 weeks with a mild fertiliser
Pinch off faded flowers

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23
Q

Identify suitable container and growing media for Lactuca sativa

A

Lactuca sativa can be grown in grow bags or containers of peat free seed compost or directly into prepared soil.

24
Q

Describe the method of sowing, pricking out, potting on and after care of Lactuca sativa

A

Sowing:
If sowing in pots or trays, scatter seed sparingly over the surface of moist, peat-free seed compost and cover with a fine layer of compost or vermiculite. If sowing directly outdoors sow thinly in rows 30 cm apart in full sun. Early/late sowings will need protection against frost using a cloche or fleece

Pricking out:
Prick out seedlings as soon as first true leaves appear, leaving the strongest/healthiest.

Potting on:
If sown directly outdoors space each plant 30 cm apart.

25
Q

Describe methods of avoiding pest and disease problems when sowing seeds

A

Good hygiene in the garden and green house, wash pots/ containers before and after use. Use clean water only. Use sterile soil and growing media.
Sow seeds at correct density
Keep green house well ventilated

26
Q

Describe the ground preparation of an outdoor site for seed sowing to include:

A

Mark out are for seed sowing using a peg and string
Pull out any weeds, you may have to lightly loosen the soil to remove all below parts of the weed.
Cultivate the soil using a fork or rotavator.
Apply suitable fertiliser.
Using a rake create a tilth and level the soil.
Consolidate, apply pressure to the soil using the heel of your foot moving up and down along the prepared area until all parts have been consolidated
Very lightly rake the surface .

27
Q

Describe appropriate methods of broadcast sowing seeds in open ground and give a named example.

A

Broadcast: broadcast seed sowing is an ideal method use for lawn seed mixture..

Prepare the soil for broadcast sowing, for lawns you will need to scarify and aerate the soil to remove thatch, moss and other debris and improve air flow and encourage deeper rooting

Scatter the seed sparingly across the surface of the prepared area and Cover lightly with soil or compost and rake level.
Water thoroughly and evenly with a watering can fitted with a rose to avoid dislodging the seeds and label clearly with the date and name of seeds sown.

28
Q

Describe the method of sowing seeds in drills in open ground giving a named example:

A

Drills: Before creating the drill it is best to check on the packet the correct depth for seed sowing.
Mark out a straight line where you intend to sow the seed using pegs and string.
Alongside the string, create a small channel or groove in prepared soil using a stick, the back of a rake a hoe or similar. Water along the drill to dampen the base.
Daucus carota are an example of seeds sown in drills. To sow the seed, sprinkle them in evenly along the drill at given spacing (on packet) Fill in the drill witht he soil you removed and firm in gently using the back of a rake
Label clearly with seed name and variety and date sown.
Water along the row using a watering can filled with a rose to avoid dislodging the seed.

29
Q

Describe the method of station sowing in groups of 3-4 in open ground giving a named example:

A

Stations sowing:
Before sowing, check the packet for ideal depth and spacing
in prepared soil mark out a straight line where you intend to sow seeds using pegs and string
Using a stick, a dibber or similar create holes every few centimetres along the marked out line where one final plant is intended to grow.
In each hole, which ideally should be the correct depth stated on the packet, sow 3-4 seeds in the bottom and fill in each hole with soil. Gently firm the soil using your hand, a trowel or something similar. Water evenly with a watering can fitted with a rose to avoid dislodging the seeds. Label clearly with plant name and variety and the date sown.
Parsnips are a good example of seeds that can be sown in station in groups of 3-4

30
Q

Describe the method of station sowing in drills/trenches in open ground and give one named example

A

Before you begin, it is ideal to check the packet for correct depth and spacing methods.
In prepared soil, mark out a straight line where you intend to sow the seed using pegs and string.
Alongside the string, create a small channel or groove in the soil using a stick, the back of a rake a hoe or similar. Water along the drill to dampen the base.
Sow the seeds individually along the drill at correct space apart, Peas are an ideal example and would usually be sown at the base of a cane. Fill in the drill with the soil you removed and firm in gently using the back of a rake, trowel or similar.
Label clearly with seed name and variety and date sown.
Water along the row using a watering can filled with a rose to avoid dislodging the seed.

Pisum sativa

31
Q

Describe the method of station sowing individually giving one named example

A

Before sowing, check the packet for ideal depth and spacing
in prepared soil mark out a straight line where you intend to sow seeds using pegs and string
Using a stick, a dibber or similar create holes every few centimetres along the marked out line where one final plant is intended to grow.
In each hole, which ideally should be the correct depth stated on the packet, individually sow seeds in the bottom and fill in each hole with soil. Gently firm the soil using your hand, a trowel or something similar. Water evenly with a watering can fitted with a rose to avoid dislodging the seeds. Label clearly with plant name and variety and the date sown.

Phaseolus vulgaris

32
Q

Indicate the appropriate time of sowing, and the aftercare of Daucus carota

A

Sow seeds in feb-july
Carrots are drought resistant but benefit from a soaking in dry spells
Hand weed regularly
Thin out as early as possible as they don’t like root disturbance
Cover with horticultural fleece to avoid carrot fly

33
Q

Indicate the appropriate time of sowing and the after care of pastinaca sativa

A

Sow March-May
Thin out when seedlings reach 3/4 cm
Hand weed regularly to avoid damage to Keep soil evenly moist to prevent the roots from splitting
Cover with horticultural fleece to avoid carrot fly

34
Q

Describe the appropriate time of sowing and the aftercare of Pisum sativum

A

Sow feb-june
water well when first flowers appear. after flowering water regularly for pods to swell.
Add thick mulch around the base of plant to prevent moisture loss in the soil.
Provide support such as canes or trellis for peas to scramble up against.
Ensure their is enough space to allow for air flow
Check regularly for pest, damage or disease
Hand weed around the plant regularly
Harvest as soon as the pods have reached maximum size to encourage further production.

35
Q

Indicate appropriate time for sowing and the aftercare of phaseolus vulagris

A

Sow in april-July
When shoots reach top of the canes pinch out to prevent them becoming top heavy
Water regularly,
Hand weed round the plants
Harvest as soon as pods are ready to encourage further production.
check for pest or disease regularly

36
Q

Describe the method of collecting spores

A

Place a small piece of spore bearing frond into a dry paper envelope for a day or two in a warm dry place
Ripe spores will have fallen to the bottom of the packet resembling an yellow, brown or black powder.

37
Q

Describe the method of sowing spores and the media used.

A

Essential to sterlise the compost to kill stray fungal, moss or fern spores.
In sterilised seed compost or 50:50 peat free compost and sharp sand sprinkle spores thinly over the surface and immediately cover with clingfilm. Label the batch clearly with variety and date sown and place in a cool, shaded spot for a month or 2

38
Q

Describe the aftercare of sowing spores

A

When the first visible fronds appear, prick out into pots of sterilised potting compost and place in a clear plastic bag for a few days to maintain humid conditions.
Once they are established they are usually problem free if kept in suitable conditions, well drained shady spot with humus rich soil. Water when necessary.

39
Q

State what is meant by the term vegetative propagation

A

Vegetative propagation is a method of producing new plants by asexual means from stems, leaves and roots of plants. Vegetative propagation results in a clone of of the parent plant

40
Q

Describe what is mean by the term clone

A

A clone is genetically identical material

41
Q

Identify benefits to the plant of asexual reproduction

A

Fertilization is unnecessary

42
Q

Identify the natural methods of vegetative propagation

A 
bulbs
corms
stolons
tubers
rhizomes
43
Q

Identify the artificial methods of vegetative propagation

A

Division
Cuttings
Layering

44
Q

State the benefits of propagating by asexual means

A

Retains the characteristics of its parent plant
Avoids seed dormancy problems
Time to maturity is completed much faster compared to seed reproduction
is the only method of propagation for some plants

45
Q

State the limitations of propagating by asexual means

A

Limited availability of material
Lack of variation
Can transmit virus and disease
Different types of vegetative propagation require specific environments for growing

46
Q

State what is meant by the term juvenility

A

Juvenility is the period of vegetative growth where the plant is inable to induce flowers

47
Q

State what is meant by the term plant health

A 
Healthy plants should be 
free from pest and disease
be vigorous with healthy growth
Have correct moisture and nutrients
Have sufficient lighting
48
Q

Describe the effects of juvenility and plant health on successful propagation

A

Juvenile plant material will generate new roots and stems more readily than older material due to high concentration of growth hormones increasing the chances of success. The parent plant should be free from pest damage or disease as virus will be passed on to the new plants.

49
Q

State the characteristic of materials used in growing media for successful propagation

A 
Peat alternative, Perlite, sand/grit 
moisture retentive
Well aerated
Lightweight
Low in nutrients
Free from pest and disease
Neutral to slightly acidic PH
50
Q

When is the best time to take softwood cuttings

A

Early spring to mid summer

51
Q

When is the best time to take semi ripe cuttings

A

Early summer- mid autumn

52
Q

When is the best time to take hardwood cuttings

A

Mid autumn to late winter when the plant is dormant

53
Q

Life cycle of slugs

A

Each slug lays 10-70 eggs in the soil from spring-autumn

First phase hatching: some eggs will hatch into juveniles whilst other eggs remain in the soil

Mortality phase, as winter approaches not all juveniles will survive

Overwintering, surviving juveniles and eggs will overwinter into the soil

Second phase hatching.
As the weather warms juveniles will re emerge and the remaining eggs will hatch into juveniles

Feeding on plant material the juveniles develop and grow into mature slugs which lay their eggs into the soil and the cycle begins again

54
Q

Life cycle of potato cyst eelworm

A

Second stage juveniles hatch emerge from eggs

Penetrating and feeding on the roots of potato plants

Males mate with females

Females become cysts, each cyst may contain hundreds of eggs

Eggs remain viable in the soil

First stage juveniles develop inside the eggs

Cycle repeats

55
Q

Life cycle of cabbage white butterfly larvae

A

Adult emerges from pupae form and lays its eggs on the u details of leaves of brassicas

Eggs hatch and larvae emerges

Feeding begins and so does the growth and development of the larvae

Larvae reaches maturity and returns to pupae form

Adult emerges as a butterfly and the completes the cycle

56
Q

Life cycle of glasshouse whitefly

A

Females lay around 200 eggs on a lower leaf surface

Eggs turn black and after 10 days the first crawler emerges

The legs and antennae of the crawlers degenerate and they become flat immobile scales feeding for 2-3 weeks
2nd instar
3rd instar

The scales stop feeding and develop into pupae form
4th instar

Adult emerges and within 3 days the adults are ready start laying eggs again

57
Q

Vine weevil life cycle

A

Eggs laid in soil

Larvae hatch and begin to feed on roots

Larvae develop into pupal form

Adult emerges from pupae and feeds on leaves and lays its eggs in the soil

Rhs R2104 (1 decks)

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