Prolyphylatic Vaccines

Question 1

What’s the difference between memory cell and naive cells?

Answer 1

Have longer lifespans
Proliferate more
Don’t need signal 2(tcells)
Produce more antibodies and higher affinities(b-cells)

Question 2

What are the types of vaccines?

Answer 2

Attenuated live microorganisms
Live whole microorganisms
Subunit vaccines

Question 3

What are the good and bad of attenuated live microorganisms?

Answer 3

High immunogenicity but low virulence
Undefined genetic lesions
Toxicity
Loss of replication because of other infections

Question 4

How are attenuated live microorganisms made? What technology may help with this?

Answer 4

Heat sensitive so grow them in heat and non human cells acquire many mutations and can’t grow in humans. Recombinant DNA technology

Question 5

What are the good and bad in whole body inactivated microorganisms? Example

Answer 5

Just antibody response but not CTL
Larger doses more frequently
Polio, influenza, rabies

Question 6

What are subunit vaccines?

Answer 6

Purified components of the virus like toxin

Question 7

Give examples of recombinant subunit vaccine? And what is it used for? Problems?

Answer 7

Influence surface antigen
Hepatitis b vaccine
Drift shift

Question 8

What are ways to avoid immune system?

Answer 8

Inhibition of class 1 assembly 
Phogosome fusion with lysosome is inhibited 
Phagosome escapes to cytoplasm
Coat with host molecules 
Latest viruses
Crest soluble cytokines receptor

Question 9

What happens when you infect a 20 year old with a virus that is similar but variant to the one he was infected when 5?

Answer 9

Creates epitopes shared with the original virus only not with other similar ones he was infected with at later ages

Question 10

What are the greatest risk of hpv associated with cervival cancer? What environmental factors contribute to its development?

Answer 10

16 and 18
Smoking
Early age at first delivery
Immune suppression

Question 11

Life cycle of hpv

Answer 11

It settles in basal later and binds to heparin sulphate it replicates it’s dna, expressed its genes as it moves up the cell layer eventually express e6 and e7 which target tumor suppressor genes and finally expresses capsid genes l1 and l2 and is released they have receptor binding cells which allows them to bind to cell surface receptors

Question 12

How does hpv complete the cycle without being detected?

Answer 12

By downregulating mhc class 1 and causing depletion of APC, interferes with interferon signalling. So low immune response and inflammation

Question 13

How is HpV vaccinated against?

Answer 13

They use neutralizing l1 antibodies and CTL creates a vlp which is non infectious, it’s given with adjuvant, immunogenicity and highly efficacious. This doesn’t allow the virus to bind to basement membrane and it won’t go through the subsequent development(high antibody)
But if it’s low antibody then it will attach to BM and change but won’t be able to stably bind to the receptor in cell surfaced

Question 14

What is HBV vaccine made up of?

Answer 14

S proteins for outer envelope

Question 15

How is cancer vaccination different from infectious disease?

Answer 15

Cancer vaccine is therapeutic while infectious disease is preventative.
Cancer vaccine is less efficacious because of the environment the tumour is found in, its immunosuppressive, they can down regulate their hla and inhibit T cell activation, they have mutated self antigens which the immune system tolerates, it’s more difficult to target them effectively because the immune system is less active compared to infectious diseases