Prologue and Chapter 1

Question 1

Social Change

Answer 1

Transformations in the beliefs, social interactions, practices, organizations and structures of society.

Question 2

Status Quo

Answer 2

The general state of affairs or condition of a group, culture or society.

Question 3

Anthropology

Answer 3

The scientific study of humans, including their origins; behaviour; and physical, social and cultural development.

Question 4

Psychology

Answer 4

The scientific study of the human mind, mental states, and human behaviour.

Question 5

Sociology

Answer 5

The scientific study of human social behaviour, including individuals, groups, and societies.

Question 6

Participant Observation

Answer 6

The careful watching of a group; in some cases, living with its members and participating in their culture.

Question 7

Qualitative Data

Answer 7

Subjective information expressed in words or actions.

Question 8

Quantitative Data

Answer 8

Information that is measured numerically.

Question 9

Acculturation

Answer 9

The process of contact, exposure, and exchange of ideas between different cultures that results in adaptations and changes to both groups.

Question 10

Diffusion

Answer 10

The spread of a cultural trait from one society to another through social contact.

Question 11

Norms

Answer 11

Expectations of appropriate conduct that serve as the basis of all social interactions.

Question 12

Cognitive Consistency

Answer 12

The tendency of individuals to seek out stimuli that are consistent with their beliefs and attitudes and to limit exposure to those that are inconsistent.

Question 13

Cognitive Dissonance

Answer 13

The state of having inconsistent thoughts, beliefs and attitudes.

Question 14

Microsociology

Answer 14

The study of small groups and individuals within a society.

Question 15

Macrosociology

Answer 15

A sociological approach that analyzes social systems on a large scale.

Question 16

Social Paradigm Shift

Answer 16

When a new set of ideals, beliefs, and values becomes strong enough to affect and change the way individuals see and perceive reality.

Question 17

Confirmation Bias

Answer 17

The tendency among people to favour information that confirms their beliefs and preconceptions about an issue regardless of the validity of the information.

Question 18

Collectivist Society

Answer 18

A society in which individuals are dependent on the group, and personal needs are secondary to group needs.

Question 19

Ethnocentrism

Answer 19

The belief that one’s own culture, nation, or ethnic group is superior to all others.

Question 20

Individualistic Society

Answer 20

A society that values autonomy, freedom, and competition, as well as personal rights and freedoms.

Question 21

Intercultural Contact

Answer 21

Exchanges between different cultures.

Question 22

Command Class

Answer 22

Those who have authority in society.

Question 23

Obey Class

Answer 23

Those without authority in society.

Question 24

Social Dynamics

Answer 24

The factors that determine social change.

Question 25

Social Statics

Answer 25

The requirements necessary to maintain and achieve social order.

Question 26

Adolescence

Answer 26

A transitional period between childhood and adulthood that typically lasts until the ages of 18 to 21.

Question 27

Egocentrism

Answer 27

Heightened self-awareness and self-consciousness.

Question 28

Imaginary Audience

Answer 28

Phenomenon in which an individual believes that he or she is the centre of other people’s attentions.

Question 29

Personal Fable

Answer 29

A personal drama that unfolds before an imaginary audience.

Question 30

Agent of Socialization

Answer 30

A person or institution that shapes an individual’s social development.

Question 31

Roles

Answer 31

The expected behaviour of an individual in a social position.

Question 32

Socialization

Answer 32

The process by which an individual learns to function successfully in society by internalizing values, norms, and roles of that society.

Question 33

Values

Answer 33

Shared ideas and beliefs that are held in high regard by a social group.

Question 34

Ethnic Identity

Answer 34

An individual’s identification with or sense of belonging to an ethnic group.

Question 35

Cohort

Answer 35

A group that shares certain statistical characteristics, such as age.

Question 36

Fresh Contact

Answer 36

The personal interpretation of the world by a young person.

Question 37

Social Location

Answer 37

The influence of birth year on an individual’s attitudes, values, and views.

Question 38

Value System

Answer 38

Commonly held views within a social group about what is right and wrong.

Question 39

Archetype

Answer 39

A universal symbol or pattern.

Question 40

Millennial Generation

Answer 40

People born between the early 1980s and 2000 who grew up in an era of globalization, cultural diversity, and technological advances.

Question 41

Generational Replacement

Answer 41

A theory claiming that changes in adolescent attitudes are important markers of long-term social change.

Question 42

Cognitive Development

Answer 42

The mental activities associated with knowing, remembering, and communicating.

Question 43

Internalization

Answer 43

Process in which an individual’s behaviour changes from being controlled externally to controlled internally by the individual’s personal standards and beliefs.

Question 44

Heroic Imagination

Answer 44

The mindset of individuals who take a personal stand against wrongdoings around them.

Question 45

Pro-social Behaviour

Answer 45

Positive, constructive, and helpful behaviour.

Question 46

Dominant Value Direction

Answer 46

Lasting values that shape the world view an individual carries forward into adulthood.

Question 47

Developmental Tasks

Answer 47

Skills that an individual must acquire to successfully transition to the next developmental stage.

Question 48

Schema

Answer 48

Mental idea or framework.