Prologue

Question 0

Edward Bradford Titchener

Answer 0

Titchener used introspection to search for the mind’s structural elements.

Question 1

Wilhelm Wundt

Answer 1

Wundt established the first psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig, Germany, in 1879.

Question 2

William James and Mary Whiton Calkins

Answer 2

James, legendary teacher-writer, mentored Calkins, who became a pioneering memory researcher and the first woman to be president of the American Psychological Association.

Question 3

Margaret Floy Washburn

Answer 3

The first woman to receive a psychology Ph.D., Washburn synthesized animal behavior research in The Animal Mind.

Question 4

What event defined the start of scientific psychology?

Answer 4

Scientific psychology began in Germany in 1879 when Wilhelm Wundt opened the first psychology laboratory.

Question 5

Why did introspection fail as a method for understanding how the mind works?

Answer 5

People’s self-reports varied, depending on the experience and the person’s intelligence and verbal ability.

Question 6

__________ used introspection to define the mind’s makeup; __________ focused on how mental processes enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish.

Answer 6

Structuralism; functionalism

Question 7

John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner

Answer 7

Working with Rayner, Watson championed psychology as a science of behavior and demonstrated conditioned responses on a baby who became famous as “Little Albert.”

Question 8

behaviorism

Answer 8

the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2).

Question 9

humanistic psychology

Answer 9

historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual’s potential for personal growth

Question 10

B.F. Skinner

Answer 10

A leading behaviorist, Skinner rejected introspection and studied how consequences shape behavior.

Question 11

Sigmund Freud

Answer 11

The controversial ideas of this famed personality theorist and therapist have influenced humanity’s self-understanding.

Question 12

From the 1920s through the 1960s, the two major forces in psychology were __________ and __________ psychology.

Answer 12

behaviorism; Freudian

Question 13

How did the cognitive revolution affect the field of psychology?

Answer 13

It recaptured the field’s early interest in mental processes and made them legitimate topics for scientific study.

Question 14

cognitive neuroscience

Answer 14

the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language)

Question 15

psychology

Answer 15

the science of behavior and mental processes

Question 16

nature-nurture issue

Answer 16

the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Today’s science seed traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture.

Question 17

natural selection

Answer 17

the principle that among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations

Question 18

Charles Darwin

Answer 18

Darwin argued that natural selection shapes behaviors as well as bodies.

Question 19

levels of analysis

Answer 19

the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon

Question 20

biopsychosocial approach

Answer 20

an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis

Question 21

What is natural selection?

Answer 21

This is the process by which nature selects from chance variations the traits that best enable an organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment.

Question 22

neuroscience perspective

Answer 22

focuses on how the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences

Question 23

evolutionary perspective

Answer 23

focuses on how the natural selection of traits had promoted the survival of genes

Question 24

behavior genetics perspective

Answer 24

focuses on how our genes and our environment influence our individual differences

Question 25

psychodynamic perspective

Answer 25

focuses on how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts

Question 26

behavioral perspective

Answer 26

focuses on how we learn observable responses

Question 27

cognitive perspective

Answer 27

focuses on how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information

Question 28

social-cultural perspective

Answer 28

focuses on how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures

Question 29

What advantage do we gain by using the biopsychosocial approach in studying psychological events?

Answer 29

By incorporating different levels of analysis, the biopsychosocial approach can provide a more complete view that any one perspective could offer.

Question 30

basic research

Answer 30

pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base

Question 31

applied research

Answer 31

scientific study that aims to solve practical problems

Question 32

counseling psychology

Answer 32

a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being

Question 33

clinical psychology

Answer 33

a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders

Question 34

psychiatry

Answer 34

a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy

Question 35

positive psychology

Answer 35

the scientific study of human functioning, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive

Question 36

community psychology

Answer 36

a branch of psychology that studies how people interact with their social environments and how social institutions affect individuals and groups

Question 37

testing effect

Answer 37

enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply reading, information. Also sometimes referred to as “retrieval practice effect” or “test-enhanced learning”

Question 38

SQ3R

Answer 38

a study method incorporating five steps: Survey, Question, Read, Retrieve, Review

Question 39

The _____ _____ describes the enhanced memory that results from repeated retrieval (as in self-testing) rather than from simple rereading of new information.

Answer 39

testing effect

Question 40

What does the acronym SQ3R stand for?

Answer 40

Survey, Question, Read, Retrieve, Review

Question 41

Match the specialty on the left with the description on the right.

1. Clinical psychology a. Works to create social and physical environments that are healthy for all
2. Psychiatry b. Studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders but usually does not provide medical therapy
3. Community psychology c. Branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders

Answer 41

1. b, 2. c, 3. a