Prokayotic And Eukaryotic Flashcards
1
Q
What’s a prokaryote?
A
- single celled organisms with simple/primitive cells
2
Q
What features of a cell are prokaryotes only?
A
- plasmids
- mesosomes
- pili
- slime capsule
- peptidogylcan cell wall
- circular DNA
3
Q
What is the mesosome? What is it the site of in prokaryotic cells?
A
- infolding of the cell membrane
- site of respiration (because prokaryotes don’t have mitochondria)
4
Q
What is the role of pili in prokaryotes?
A
- to adhere to surfaces
5
Q
What is the role of flagella?
A
- rotates to allow movement
6
Q
What are ribosomes in prokaryotes called? Are they bigger or smaller than ribosomes in eukaryotes?
A
- 70s ribosomes
- smaller
7
Q
What are plasmids?
A
- rings of DNA
8
Q
What do plasmids contain?
A
- survival genes
9
Q
Can plasmids be exchanged between bacteria?
A
- yes
10
Q
What is the nucleoid?
A
- the area of the cytoplasm that contains the DNA
11
Q
What do prokaryotes not have, but eukaryotes do?
A
- membrane-bound organelles
12
Q
What are eukaryotic cells?
A
- complex cells
- cells that contain a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles
- animals, plants, fungi
13
Q
What is a lysosome?
A
- a vesicle containing digestive enzymes
14
Q
What is the role of a smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
A
- to take in lipids and modify them
15
Q
What is the nucleolus?
A
- a dense region of DNA
16
Q
What is the role of a rough endoplasmic reticulum?
A
- to take in proteins from ribosomes and modify them
17
Q
What organelle is the site of protein synthesis?
A
- ribosomes
18
Q
What genetic materials do eukaryotes have?
A
- linear DNA
19
Q
What’s the difference between a prokaryotic cell wall and a eukaryotic cell wall?
A
- p: peptidoglycan
- e: cellulose (plants) or chitin (fungi)
20
Q
What cell walls do fungi and plants have?
A
- fungi: chitin cell wall
- plants: cellulose cell wall
21
Q
What’s the role of the capsule?
A
- protection against toxins and antibiotics
22
Q
What is chromatin?
A
- linear uncondensed DNA
23
Q
When does chromatin condense to form chromosomes?
A
- just before mitosis
24
Q
Where are proteins synthesised to form mRNA?
A
- ribosomes
25
Where are ribosomes found?
- free in the cytoplasm or attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum
26
Do ribosomes have a membrane?
- no
27
What is the lysosome made by?
- golgi apparatus
28
What type of enzymes do lysosomes contain?
- digestive enzymes
29
What type of ribosomes do mitochondria contain?
- 55s ribosomes
30
What’s the space in between the inner membrane and outer membrane of mitochondria called?
- inter membrane space
31
What’s cristae in mitochondria?
- infoldings in the inner membrane to increase surface area
32
What’s the function of mitochondria?
- aerobic respiration
33
What does the matrix in the mitochondria contain?
- 55s ribosomes
- enzymes for respiration
- circular DNA
34
Are mitochondria prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
- eukaryotic
35
What is the function of the centrioles? what cellss are they found in?
- make spindles that separate chromosomes during cell division
- animal
36
What are centrioles made of?
- hollow protein cylinders (micro tubules)
37
Centrioles are found in pairs. At what degree do they cross?
- crossed at 90 degrees
38
What ribosomes is the RER covered in? what cells are they found in?
- 80s
- animal and plant
39
What is the RER often attached to?
- the nuclear envelope
40
what makes up the RER and the SER?
- flattened single membrane sacs filled with fluid (cisternae)
41
What’s the function of the RER?
- to fold and modify the proteins made by the ribosomes
- to package then into transport vesicles
42
Does the SER have ribosomes attached?
- no
43
What is the function of the SER?
- lipid synthesis
- storage and package them into transport vesicles
44
What are the identifiable features of the golgi apparatus?
- surrounded by vesicles
- cisternae decreases in size (wifi)
45
What’s the function of the golgi apparatus?
- modifies proteins and lipid made in the SER/RER and packages them into secretory vesicles
- makes lysosomes when it packages digestive enzymes
46
What’s the nuclear envelope?
- the double membrane of the nucleus
47
What is translation?
- when amino acids in the cytoplasm are joined together to form a primary protein on the ribosomes
48
What’s protein trafficking?
- the pathway of amino acids from incorporation into a protein to secretion out of the cell
49
What’s the first step of protein trafficking?
- amino acids are joined to form a protein on the ribosomes during translation
50
What’s the second step of protein trafficking?
- protein is modified in the RER (folded and can have carbs added)
51
What’s the third step in protein trafficking?
- RER pinches off and packages the protein into a transport vesicle
52
What’s the fourth stage in protein trafficking?
- the transport vesicle moves towards and fuses with the golgi apparatus
53
What’s the fifth stage of protein trafficking?
- modified further
54
What’s the sixth stage of protein trafficking?
- golgi apparatus pinches off and packages protein in to a secretory vesicle
55
what’s the last stage of protein trafficking?
- secretory vesicle moves towards and fuses with cell membrane
- proteins then secreted by exocytosis
56
In a plant cell, what is a cell wall made out of?
- cellulose
57
What’s the role of the cell wall?
- supports plant cell
- rigid structure
- fully permeable
58
What joins cellulose chains together?
- hydrogen bonds
59
What’s the middle lamella made out of? (plant cell)
- calcium pectate
60
What does the middle lamella do?
- stuck two adjacent cells together
- increases stability of the tissue being formed
61
What are plasmodesmata?
- channels in the cell wall that connect two adjacent cells
62
What is the plasmodesmata filled with? what does it allow?
- a stream of cytoplasm
- allow transport of substances and communication between cells
63
What are pits?
- where the secondary cell wall is broken down
64
What do pits contain?
- plasmodesmata
65
When a pit of one cell aligns with a pit of an adjacent cell, what does this allow?
- transport of substances between cells
66
In chloroplasts, how are grana linked together?
- lámela
67
What are lamella in chloroplasts?
- thin sheets of thylakoid membrane
68
What’s stroma in chloroplasts?
- fluid filled matrix where enzymes for photosynthesis are
69
What are amyloplasts?
- membrane bound organelles containing starch granules
70
What do amyloplasts do?
- convert starch back to glucose when needed
71
The vacuole in a plant cell has a membrane with a specific name. What is it called?
- the tonoplast
72
What does the vacuole do/contain?
- keeps cell turgid which helps regulate osmotic gradients within the cell
- contains cell sap (water, enzymes, minerals and waste products)
