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A Level Biology Class Notes > Prokayotic And Eukaryotic > Flashcards

Prokayotic And Eukaryotic Flashcards

1
Q

What’s a prokaryote?

A
  • single celled organisms with simple/primitive cells
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2
Q

What features of a cell are prokaryotes only?

A
  • plasmids
  • mesosomes
  • pili
  • slime capsule
  • peptidogylcan cell wall
  • circular DNA
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3
Q

What is the mesosome? What is it the site of in prokaryotic cells?

A
  • infolding of the cell membrane
  • site of respiration (because prokaryotes don’t have mitochondria)
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4
Q

What is the role of pili in prokaryotes?

A
  • to adhere to surfaces
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5
Q

What is the role of flagella?

A
  • rotates to allow movement
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6
Q

What are ribosomes in prokaryotes called? Are they bigger or smaller than ribosomes in eukaryotes?

A
  • 70s ribosomes
  • smaller
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7
Q

What are plasmids?

A
  • rings of DNA
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8
Q

What do plasmids contain?

A
  • survival genes
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9
Q

Can plasmids be exchanged between bacteria?

A
  • yes
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10
Q

What is the nucleoid?

A
  • the area of the cytoplasm that contains the DNA
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11
Q

What do prokaryotes not have, but eukaryotes do?

A
  • membrane-bound organelles
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12
Q

What are eukaryotic cells?

A
  • complex cells
  • cells that contain a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles
  • animals, plants, fungi
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13
Q

What is a lysosome?

A
  • a vesicle containing digestive enzymes
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14
Q

What is the role of a smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A
  • to take in lipids and modify them
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15
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A
  • a dense region of DNA
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16
Q

What is the role of a rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A
  • to take in proteins from ribosomes and modify them
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17
Q

What organelle is the site of protein synthesis?

A
  • ribosomes
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18
Q

What genetic materials do eukaryotes have?

A
  • linear DNA
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19
Q

What’s the difference between a prokaryotic cell wall and a eukaryotic cell wall?

A
  • p: peptidoglycan
  • e: cellulose (plants) or chitin (fungi)
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20
Q

What cell walls do fungi and plants have?

A
  • fungi: chitin cell wall
  • plants: cellulose cell wall
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21
Q

What’s the role of the capsule?

A
  • protection against toxins and antibiotics
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22
Q

What is chromatin?

A
  • linear uncondensed DNA
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23
Q

When does chromatin condense to form chromosomes?

A
  • just before mitosis
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24
Q

Where are proteins synthesised to form mRNA?

A
  • ribosomes
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25
Q

Where are ribosomes found?

A
  • free in the cytoplasm or attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum
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26
Q

Do ribosomes have a membrane?

A
  • no
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27
Q

What is the lysosome made by?

A
  • golgi apparatus
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28
Q

What type of enzymes do lysosomes contain?

A
  • digestive enzymes
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29
Q

What type of ribosomes do mitochondria contain?

A
  • 55s ribosomes
30
Q

What’s the space in between the inner membrane and outer membrane of mitochondria called?

A
  • inter membrane space
31
Q

What’s cristae in mitochondria?

A
  • infoldings in the inner membrane to increase surface area
32
Q

What’s the function of mitochondria?

A
  • aerobic respiration
33
Q

What does the matrix in the mitochondria contain?

A
  • 55s ribosomes
  • enzymes for respiration
  • circular DNA
34
Q

Are mitochondria prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

A
  • eukaryotic
35
Q

What is the function of the centrioles? what cellss are they found in?

A
  • make spindles that separate chromosomes during cell division
  • animal
36
Q

What are centrioles made of?

A
  • hollow protein cylinders (micro tubules)
37
Q

Centrioles are found in pairs. At what degree do they cross?

A
  • crossed at 90 degrees
38
Q

What ribosomes is the RER covered in? what cells are they found in?

A
  • 80s
  • animal and plant
39
Q

What is the RER often attached to?

A
  • the nuclear envelope
40
Q

what makes up the RER and the SER?

A
  • flattened single membrane sacs filled with fluid (cisternae)
41
Q

What’s the function of the RER?

A
  • to fold and modify the proteins made by the ribosomes
  • to package then into transport vesicles
42
Q

Does the SER have ribosomes attached?

A
  • no
43
Q

What is the function of the SER?

A
  • lipid synthesis
  • storage and package them into transport vesicles
44
Q

What are the identifiable features of the golgi apparatus?

A
  • surrounded by vesicles
  • cisternae decreases in size (wifi)
45
Q

What’s the function of the golgi apparatus?

A
  • modifies proteins and lipid made in the SER/RER and packages them into secretory vesicles
  • makes lysosomes when it packages digestive enzymes
46
Q

What’s the nuclear envelope?

A
  • the double membrane of the nucleus
47
Q

What is translation?

A
  • when amino acids in the cytoplasm are joined together to form a primary protein on the ribosomes
48
Q

What’s protein trafficking?

A
  • the pathway of amino acids from incorporation into a protein to secretion out of the cell
49
Q

What’s the first step of protein trafficking?

A
  • amino acids are joined to form a protein on the ribosomes during translation
50
Q

What’s the second step of protein trafficking?

A
  • protein is modified in the RER (folded and can have carbs added)
51
Q

What’s the third step in protein trafficking?

A
  • RER pinches off and packages the protein into a transport vesicle
52
Q

What’s the fourth stage in protein trafficking?

A
  • the transport vesicle moves towards and fuses with the golgi apparatus
53
Q

What’s the fifth stage of protein trafficking?

A
  • modified further
54
Q

What’s the sixth stage of protein trafficking?

A
  • golgi apparatus pinches off and packages protein in to a secretory vesicle
55
Q

what’s the last stage of protein trafficking?

A
  • secretory vesicle moves towards and fuses with cell membrane
  • proteins then secreted by exocytosis
56
Q

In a plant cell, what is a cell wall made out of?

A
  • cellulose
57
Q

What’s the role of the cell wall?

A
  • supports plant cell
  • rigid structure
  • fully permeable
58
Q

What joins cellulose chains together?

A
  • hydrogen bonds
59
Q

What’s the middle lamella made out of? (plant cell)

A
  • calcium pectate
60
Q

What does the middle lamella do?

A
  • stuck two adjacent cells together
  • increases stability of the tissue being formed
61
Q

What are plasmodesmata?

A
  • channels in the cell wall that connect two adjacent cells
62
Q

What is the plasmodesmata filled with? what does it allow?

A
  • a stream of cytoplasm
  • allow transport of substances and communication between cells
63
Q

What are pits?

A
  • where the secondary cell wall is broken down
64
Q

What do pits contain?

A
  • plasmodesmata
65
Q

When a pit of one cell aligns with a pit of an adjacent cell, what does this allow?

A
  • transport of substances between cells
66
Q

In chloroplasts, how are grana linked together?

A
  • lámela
67
Q

What are lamella in chloroplasts?

A
  • thin sheets of thylakoid membrane
68
Q

What’s stroma in chloroplasts?

A
  • fluid filled matrix where enzymes for photosynthesis are
69
Q

What are amyloplasts?

A
  • membrane bound organelles containing starch granules
70
Q

What do amyloplasts do?

A
  • convert starch back to glucose when needed
71
Q

The vacuole in a plant cell has a membrane with a specific name. What is it called?

A
  • the tonoplast
72
Q

What does the vacuole do/contain?

A
  • keeps cell turgid which helps regulate osmotic gradients within the cell
  • contains cell sap (water, enzymes, minerals and waste products)

A Level Biology Class Notes (2 decks)

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