Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Cells

Question 1

Name the Domains of Life

Answer 1

Bacteria, Archaea, Eucarya

Question 2

What is a Cell?

Answer 2

The fundamental unit of life.
The smallest structural and functional unit of an organism.

Question 3

Name the types of cells

Answer 3

Unicellular and Multicellular

Question 4

Defn Unicellular

Answer 4

Comprised of one cell

Question 5

Defn Multicellular

Answer 5

Comprised of two or more cells

Question 6

Defn Prokaryotics

Answer 6

No nucleus, typically single cells (basic)- bacteria.
Usually consists of a single compartment, the cytoplasm, enclosed by the plasma membrane.
Small in Size.
Most prokaryotes are surrounded by a cell wall.
Single circular chromosome (DNA) in the nucleoid
region.
NO membrane-bound organelles.
Unicellular

Question 7

Defn Eukaryotic

Answer 7

Has a nucleus, much larger systems (organised)- fungi, plants, animals, protists.
Subdivided by internal membranes which create enclosed compartments (organelles) in which enzymes can operate without interference from reactions occurring in other compartments.
Larger in size.
Linear chromosomes in the nucleus that carry the genetic material.
Contains membrane-bound organelles.
Plant cells have cell walls; animal cells have cell membranes.

Question 8

When was the cell discovered and by who?

Answer 8

Robert Hooke- 1665

Question 9

Cell Theory

Answer 9

1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells.
2. The cell is the basic unit of structure and organisation in organisms.
3. All cells come from pre-existing cells.

Question 10

Examples of Cells

Answer 10

Red blood cells, fat cells, nerve cells, muscle cells, cells in culture, egg and sperm cells.

Question 11

Binary fission

Answer 11

Prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) divide
* This begins at the ORIGIN OF REPLICATION (ORI) and occurs in both directions. The two copies of the DNA molecule are partitioned to either side of the cell.
* A SEPTUM forms to divide the two new cells.
* This is a form of ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION.

Question 11

Cell Shapes found in bacteria

Answer 11

COCCI- Spherical
BACILLI – rod-shaped
SPIRILLA – spiral-shaped

Question 12

Asexual Reproduction (bacteria and archaea)

Answer 12

no new traits- direct reproduction of the same traits (identical cell).
Offspring arise from a single parent and inherit the genes of that parent.

Question 13

Sexual Reproduction (bacteria)

Answer 13

Bacteria exchange genetic information before dividing.
Offspring have new genes and new traits.

Question 14

Muscle Cells (size)

Answer 14

long, so that they can contract and shorten up, thereby moving body parts.

Question 15

Nerve Cells (size)

Answer 15

long as they need to transmit nerve signals to different parts of the body.

Question 16

Epithelial Cells (size)

Answer 16

cuboidal, columnar or squamous depending on their location in the body.

Question 17

Red Blood Cells (size)

Answer 17

especially small because they need to get through the smallest capillaries of the circulatory system.

Question 18

Chromosomes

Answer 18

Chromosomes house the DNA/genetic material of the organism in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Question 19

Chromosomes in Eukaryotes

Answer 19

found in an organelle called the nucleus, which bound by a double membrane

Question 20

Chromosomes in Prokaryotes

Answer 20

a double stranded circular structure not enclosed by a membrane. Found in the nucleoid region.

Question 21

Types of Eukaryotic Cell Division

Answer 21

Somatic and Reproductive

Question 22

Somatic Cell Division

Answer 22

occurs by mitosis and cytokinesis:
- growth, development, repair.
- asexual reproduction

Question 23

Reproductive Cell Division (Eukaryotic)

Answer 23

occurs via meiosis:
- for reproduction.
- yields cells with half the DNA content.
- yields gametes (e.g. egg and sperm) or spores.

Question 24

Cytoplasm (Eukaryotic)

Answer 24

occupies the space between the nucleus and plasma/cell membrane

Question 25

Cell Membrane

Answer 25

surrounds the cytoplasm

Question 26

Cytoplasm (Prokaryotic)

Answer 26

occupies in the interior of the cell

Question 27

Ribosomes

Answer 27

Builds proteins