Prokaryotic diversity & phylogeny

Question 1

endosymbiont theory

Answer 1

mitochondria and plastids (chloroplast and related organelles) were formerly small prokaryotes that began living within larger cells

Question 2

serial endosymbiosis

Answer 2

mitochondria evolved before plastids
infolding of plasma membrane> cell with nucleus and endomembrane system (nucleus, nuclear envelope, & endoplasmic reticulum)

Question 3

what is the importance of horizontal gene transfer in the evolution of prokaryotes & early eukaryotes?

Answer 3

over 100 MYA prokaryotes acquired genes from even distantly related species and they continue to do so today. This is why the phylogenic tree is a hypothesis because it is always changing/evolving.

Question 4

Transformation

Answer 4

genotype and possibly phenotype of a prokaryotic cell are altered by the uptake of foreign DNA from its surroundings.

Question 5

Transduction

Answer 5

phages carry prokaryotic gene from one host cell to another.

Question 6

chemoheterotrophic decomposers

Answer 6

break down dead organisms as well as waste products and thereby unlocking supplies of C, N, and other elements. Live with cease without!

Question 7

Cyanobacteria

Answer 7

uses CO2 to produce organic compounds; also produces atmospheric O2
autotrophs
1st single-celled organisms
created photosynthesis as well as oldest fossils: stromalites (green: chl a)

Question 8

Nitrogen fixers

Answer 8

produce atmospheric N2 which produce building blocks of proteins & nucleic acids

Question 9

Domain Archaea

Answer 9

lack peptidoglycan
divided into: halophiles, thermophiles, and menthanogens
possess methionine (same as EUK)
Histones associated with DNA (same as EUK)
Circular chromosomes (same as Bac)

Question 10

gram stain

Answer 10

used to categorize bacteria based on cell wall compositon

Question 11

gram positive

Answer 11

more peptidoglycan
purple
non-disease causing

Question 12

gram negative

Answer 12

less peptidoglycan
red
toxic and resistant to antibiotics

Question 13

Conjugation

Answer 13

DNA transferred between two cells that are temporarily joined

Question 14

Antibiotics prevent growth of peptidoglycan?

Answer 14

true

Question 15

What is mutualism?

Answer 15

+/+

ex: E. Coli

Question 16

What is parasitism?

Answer 16

+/-

ex: Trypanosoma

Question 17

What is commensualism?

Answer 17

+/0

ex: Staphylococcus

Question 18

Bacteria

Answer 18

peptidoglycan cell walls
one kind of RNA polymerase
absent of histones
Groups: Proteobacteria, Chlymadias, Spirochetes, Cyanobacteria, & gram positive

Question 19

Enteric Bacteria

Answer 19

fr Proteobacteria

Ex: salmonella & E.Coli

Question 20

ex: Salmonella

Answer 20

endotoxins
gram negative
produce food poisoning

Question 21

ex: E.Coli

Answer 21

mutualistic symbiont

vitamin k produces blood clotting

Question 22

Nitrogen fixing bacteria

Answer 22

fr Protebacteria
mutualistic symbionts of lugumes
Nitrogen for carbohydrates

Question 23

Myxobacteria

Answer 23

soil dries or food is scarces, releases resistant “mycospores”

Question 24

Bdellovibrios

Answer 24

attacks other bacteria outer covering

Question 25

Chlymadias

Answer 25

intercellular steals hosts ATP gram negative non peptidoglycan

Question 26

Spirochetes

Answer 26

cork-like screw internalized flagella under cell wall heterotrophs

Question 27

Gram positive

Answer 27

divided: actinomycetes, endospore forming bacteria, & mycoplasmas

Question 28

Actinomycetes

Answer 28

``` free living decomposers ray-like form colonies of branched chains of cells non parasitic/mutualist greater majority inhabits soil antibiotics ```

Question 29

Endospore forming bacteria

Answer 29

exotoxins obligate anaerobes deadly pathogens resistant cells developed by certain bacteria

Question 30

Mycoplasmas

Answer 30

lack cell walls tiniest known cells free living soil bacteria

Question 31

Exotoxins

Answer 31

proteins secreted by certain bacteria and other organisms.

Question 32

Endotoxins

Answer 32

lipopolysaccharide components of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria. In contrast to exotoxins, endotoxins are released only when the bacteria die and their cell walls break down.