Prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA Flashcards
Molecular biology
is the study of DNA and how it is used to make other important molecules for cells to function
Code
Genetic information that is carried by DNA. It is responsible for the development and function of an organism.
It is important for making the molecules such as RNA and proteins
DNA
Stands for Deoxyribonucleic acid, it is a small molecule that makes each species unique
Human Genome project 2003
led to sequencing of DNA code in humans and other species
Began in 1990, was fully completed by 2003. Providing the first map of human DNA.
-Allowed scientists to identify genetic mutations that are linked to diseases (cancer).
-Marked the beginning of gene therapy
-Helped develop personalised medicine where drugs are tailored to an individuals genetic profile (pharmacogenomics)
-Provided insights into human evolution and our genetic similarities with other species
-Helped identify neanderthal DNA in modern humans
-enabled CRISPR gene-editing evolution
-led to cheaper and faster genome sequencing
1953
Double helix model of DNA proposed by Watson and Crick
1990
The human genome project was launched
1997
E.Coli (a bacterium) has its genome fully sequenced
1999
Chromosome 22 in humans was fully sequenced
2003
Human genome project was fully completed
The genetic similarity between… (found from the human genome project in 2003) Watson allows his own DNA to be sequenced during the project once he ant told what impurities he had
a human and a chimpanzee is 96%
a human and a cat is 90%
a human and a mouse is 85%
a human and a cow is 80%
a human and a fruit fly is 61%
a human and a banana is 60%
Applications of molecular biology
Consumers genomics
Environmental microbiology
Medicine
Phylogenetics
Forensic science
Food and agriculture
Genetic research
Prokaryotic cell
-NO ORGANELLES IN A PROKARYOTIC CELL
-More variety in prokaryotic cells, not all prokaryotic cells have all of these.
Flagella/Flagellum (1), for movement (some types of prokaryotic cells don’t have flagella)
Pili (some prokaryotic cells don’t have pili)
*Cytoplasm
*Ribosome (not organelles)(2 structures that come together)
*Cell (plasma) membrane
Capsule
Cell wall
Nucleoid (DNA) (region within the cell that holds the DNA, not contained or protected)
Plasmid (some prokaryotic cells don’t have plasmids)
Eukaryotic cell
Endoplasmic reticulum (rough and smooth)
Peroxisome
Mitochondria
Vacuole
Gogli apparatus
Intermediate filaments
Nucleus (Nuclear envelope, Chromatin (DNA), Nucleoplasm, Nucleolus)
* Cell (plasma) membrane
* Ribosome (not organelles)(two structures that come together)
* Cytoplasm
Microtubule
Lysosome
Microfilament
What both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have in common
Cytoplasm, Ribosome, Cell (plasma) membrane
DNA in prokaryotic cell
Nucleoid
DNA in eukaryotic cell
Chromatin in Nucleus
A prokaryotic cells usually consists of
a single compartment, the cytosol, enclosed by the plasma membrane
Eukaryotic cell is subdivided by
internal membranes, which create enclosed compartments (organelles) in which enzymes can operate without interference from reactions occurring in other compartments
The endosymbiotic theory
a hypothesis that chloroplasts and mitochondria evolved from prokaryotes that lived symbiotically in free-living single cells
A hypothesis that proposes that certain organelles within eukaryotic cells (mitochondria and chloroplasts) originated as free-living prokaryotes (bacteria) that were engulfed by a primitive
mitochondria - oxygen breathing
chloroplasts - photosynthesis
Prokaryotic cells were taken up by a eukaryotic cell
the became integrated in the eukaryotic cells in endosymbiosis
The evolution of eukaryotic cells into different compartments
Genomic DNA
the main source of DNA in each cell type
in eukaryotic genomic DNA is protected in the nucleus (in organelles)
in prokaryotic cells it is not protected and lies naked in the nucleoid region
gDNA
small and circular - prokaryotic cells
linear - eukaryotic cells
Genomic project
decoding DNA
Chromosomal DNA
Same as genomic DNA (the main source of DNA)
in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, the genomic DNA is organised efficiently into chromosomes 46 chromosome (humans), come from parents (23 pairs)
organisation of genomic DNA
in prokaryotic cells, there is some organisation but not much
genomic DNA is responsible for
carrying out important functions of replication, transcription and translation to maintain the cell
gDNA refers to
chromosomal DNA which means that DNA is bound to specific proteins to help package and arrange DNA inside a cell
when gDNA needs to carry out a specific function
then it can unravel from protein packaging to expose its base pairs (for example in the transcription of a gene)
Genomic DNA is involved in 3 main processes of ALL cells
- Replication
- Transcription
- Translation
Extrachromosomal DNA
Bacteria Phage is classified as extrachromosomal DNA in prokaryotic cells (bacteria) as it targets the bacteria and implants its DNA into the cell
*** not finished **
Plasmid DNA
circular an small
different to genomic DNA
(not all prokaryotic cells have plasmids so they don’t all have plasmid DNA)
They all carry genomic DNA
In eukaryotic cells
gDNA = chromosomal DNA
mDNA (inherited maternally) and cpDNA (plant cells, in chloroplasts involved in photosynthesis) = extrachromosomal DNA (organelles)
