Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

Question 1

Eukaryotic

Answer 1

Cells with a nucleus and membrane bound organelles such as animal, plant and yeast cells

Question 2

Prokaryotic

Answer 2

Cells without a nucleus and non membrane bound organelles such as bacteria cells

Question 3

Animal cell organelles

Answer 3

Ribosomes 
Cell surface membrane 
Nucleus (nucleolus, envelope and pores)
Mitochondria 
Cytoplasm 
Golgi apparatus 
SER / RER
Lysosomes

Question 4

Plant cell organelles

Answer 4

Cell surface membrane 
Cell wall 
Vacuole 
Ribosomes 
Plasmodesma
Cytoplasm 
Golgi apparatus 
SER / RER
Mitochondria 
Nucleus (pores , envelope and nucleolus)
Chloroplast

Question 5

Bacterium cell organelles

Answer 5

Cell surface membrane 
Cell wall
Flagellum 
Plasmid (ring of DNA)
Ribosome 
Cytoplasm

Question 6

Cell surface membrane

Answer 6

• Regulates movement of substances in / out of the cell
• made of lipids and proteins
• can respond to hormones due to receptor molecules

Question 7

Nuclear envelope

Answer 7

•double membrane with pores to allow mRNA out to the ribosomes for protein synthesis

Question 8

Nucleus

Answer 8

•controls the cells activities as it is where the DNA is kept, surrounded by a double membrane nuclear envelope

Question 9

Mitochondria

Answer 9

• where aerobic respiration occurs.
• has a double membrane one of which folds to form a cistae which contains the matrix (with enzymes necessary for respiration)

Question 10

Cytoplasm

Answer 10

•the material made of chemicals inside of the cell which organelles are in

Question 11

Golgi apparatus

Answer 11

• processes / packages lipids and proteins and produces lysosomes
• fluid filled flattened sack
• vesicles to transport proteins

Question 12

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

Answer 12

•synthesises / processes lipids

Question 13

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

Answer 13

• covered in ribosomes

* processes proteins (folds them)

Question 14

Nucleolus

Answer 14

•makes ribosomes inside the nucleus

Question 15

Lysosome

Answer 15

• no clear internal structure
• contains digestive enzymes which may be used to digest invading cells or to break components down
• seperated from cytoplasm so it doesn’t damage it

Question 16

Ribosome

Answer 16

• where protein synthesis takes place

* made from RNA and proteins

Question 17

Cell wall (eukaryotic)

Answer 17

• made of cellulose

* supports cell by surrounding membrane

Question 18

Cell wall (prokaryotic)

Answer 18

• supports cell by surrounding membrane

* made of polysaccharide

Question 19

Chloroplast

Answer 19

• flattened structures

* thylakoid membrane which stack to form grana (photosynthesises)

Question 20

Centriole

Answer 20

Cylinders of microtubules (protein cylinders) involved in desperation of chromosomes in division

Question 21

Cilia

Answer 21

• made of 9 pairs of microtubules and another pair in the centre (9+2 formation)
• moves substances along the cell on the surface membrane

Question 22

Flagellum

Answer 22

• tail which allows movement
• 9+2 microtubule formation
• surrounded by plasma membrane

Question 23

Protein production

Answer 23

• can be made in RER (will be excreted / attached to cell membrane) or free ribosomes (stay in cytoplasm)
• folded / processes at RER and then transported to the Golgi via vesicles
• vesicles move the proteins around the cell

Question 24

Cytoskeleton

Answer 24

Network of protein threads (arranged as micro filaments and micro tubules)

Question 25

Uses of the cytoskeleton

Answer 25

• maintain cell shape
• strengthen the cell
• support organelles /keep them in position
• cilia and flagella can make the cell move

Question 26

How does a prokaryotic cell differ to a eukaryotic cell?

Answer 26

• DNA isn’t linear it is circular
• ribosomes are smaller
• no nucleus
• cell wall is made from polysaccharide
• no membrane bound organelles
• flagella made from helix shaped protein flagellin over a 9+2 microtubule