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Prokaryotes Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two domains of life ?

A

Bacteria and Archaea

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2
Q

What are the characteristics of Bacteria and Archaea?

A

-unicellular
-lack membrane bound nucleus

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3
Q

Do antibiotics affect bacterial cells or archaeal cells ?

A

bacterial cells

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4
Q

Is peptidoglycan present in bacteria or archaea cell walls?

A

bacteria

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5
Q

How old are the oldest fossils ?

A

3.5 billion-year-old bacteria

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6
Q

Where do Bacteria and Archaea live ?

A

almost everywhere; from below Earth’s Surface to Antarctic sea ice

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7
Q

What are extremophiles ?

A

Organisms that live in extreme environments such as:
- Hydrothermal Vents
-pH < 1.0
- 0 degrees Celsius under Antarctic Ice
-Water that is 5-10x saltier than sea water

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8
Q

What are the different shapes a bacteria can have ?

A

Varies from rods, spheres, spirals, and chains

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9
Q

How does bacteria move? How does this motility vary?

A

Moves with flagella. Varies by some bacteria being nonmotile (nonmoving), but swimming and gliding are common.

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10
Q

What is a Gram Stain ?

A

dyeing system to examine cell walls

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11
Q

How can you distinguish Gram-positive cells under a microscope ?

A

They are purple, this is because the cell wall has extensive amount of carbohydrate peptidoglycan.

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12
Q

How can you distinguish Gram-negative cells under a microscope?

A

They are pink, this is because the cell wall has a thin layer containing peptidoglycan and outer phospholipid layer.

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13
Q

What must ALL organisms acquire to make ATP?

A

Chemical Energy

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14
Q

What must ALL organisms obtain for synthesis of cellular components?

A

Carbon Compounds

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15
Q

What are Autotrophs ?

A

synthesize building-block compounds from simple starting materials

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16
Q

What are Heterotrophs?

A

absorbing building-block compounds from their enviroment

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17
Q

What may prokaryotes use for ATP production?

A

-Light
-Organic Molecules
-Inorganic Molecules

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18
Q

Phototrophs

A

photo= “light”
-troph= “feeder”
Light used to excite electrons

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19
Q

What are the organisms that use organic molecules to produce ATP called?

A

Chemoorgantrophs

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20
Q

What are the organisms that use inorganic molecules to produce ATP called?

A

Chemolithotrophs

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21
Q

In Cellar Respiration…

A

Electrons are transferred down electron transport chains from electron donors to electron acceptors.

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22
Q

What do Eukaryotes use as Electron Donors and as Final Electron Acceptor? What do they produce?

A

-Use sugars like glucose as electron donors
-Use oxygen as the final electron acceptor
-Produce CO2 and water as by-products

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23
Q

What do Prokaryotes (Bacteria/Archaea) use as Electron Donors and Acceptors? What do they produce?

A

-use a wide variety of electron donors (H2, H2S, NH3, CH4) and acceptors (SO2-, NO3-, CO2)
-Produce by-products other than CO2 and water

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24
Q

ATP via Fermentation

A

-make ATP without using electron transport chains
-Less efficient than cellular respiration
-does not use an outside electron acceptor

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25
Clostridium
-an organic compound -ferments complex carbohydrates, proteins, purines, or amino acids
26
What is the smell of swiss cheese a result from?
lactose fermentation
27
What is the smell of rotting flesh a result from?
Fermenting amino acids produces cadaverine and putrescine
28
What does bacteria in digestive tract ferment?
carbohydrates
29
What is the 1st way that Bacteria and Archaea perform Photophosphorylation ?
1. Bacteriorhodopsin (a pigment) is activated by light - uses absorbed energy to create a proton gradient -the gradient drives ATP synthesis via Chemiosmosis
30
What is the 2nd way that Bacteria and Archaea perform Photophosphorylation ?
2. One bacterium absorbs geothermal radiation for photosynthesis
31
What is the 3rd way that Bacteria and Archaea perform Photophosphorylation ?
3. Pigments absorb light raise raise electrons to high-energy states (requires a source of electrons)
32
In relation to Photophosphorylation, what is Oxygenic Photosynthesis?
when species use water as a source of electrons
33
In relation to Photophosphorylation, what is Anoxygenic Photosynthesis?
when phototrophic bacteria use molecules other than water as the electron donor
34
Organisms must obtain building-block molecules containing...
carbon-carbon bonds
35
Methanotrophs
-some bacteria use methane as their carbon source -"Methane-Eaters"
36
Methanogen
-some archaea produce methane as a by-product of cellular respiration
37
What is the relation between Autotrophs and Heterotrophs?
-Autotrophs make their own building-block compounds -Heterotrophs consume the building block compounds Autotrophs produce.
38
What is the results of Bacteria and Archaea producing sophisticated enzymes?
can live in extreme environments and use toxic compounds as food
39
How long did no free molecular oxygen exist on Earth?
first 2.3 billon years of Earth's history
40
Cyanobacteria
-a photosynthetic bacteria -first bacteria to perform oxygenic photosynthesis -changed Earth's atmosphere to one with high concentration of oxygen - likely led to mass extinction (The Oxygen Revolution/Catastrophe)
41
The Oxygen Revolution
-mass extinction -allowed aerobic respiration
42
Oxygen
-highly electronegative -efficient electron acceptor
43
Nitrogen Fixation
Converts N2 to NH3 -only organisms capable of doing this are bacteria and archaea
44
What do ALL organisms require to synthesize proteins and nucleic acids ?
Nitrogen
45
Molecular Nitrogen (N2)
abundance in atmosphere, but most organisms cannot use it directly -must obtain N from ammonia (NH3) or nitrate (NO3-)
46
Where do nitrogen-fixing bacteria live?
-live in close association with plants (ex. in root structures called nodules)
47
Nitrite (NO2)
-produced by some bacteria as a by-product of respiration -Used as an electron acceptor by other species and converted to molecular nitrate (NO3). -NO3 then converted to N2 by another suite of bacterial and archaeal species
48
Nitrogen Cycle
driving movement of nitrogen atoms through ecosystems around globe
49
Nitrate Pollution
-widespread use of NH3 fertilizers causes pollution -Bacteria feed on NH3 when added to soil - These bacteria then release nitrate or nitrite as waste products -cause pollution in aquatic environments; decreases oxygen content causing anaerobic "dead zones" to develop
50
Bacteria- Actinobacteria
-filamentous, forming branching chains -common in soil and freshwater habitats -ex.) Genera Streptomyces and Arthrobacter -important decomposers -some fix nitrogen -can break down toxins
51
Bacteria-Chlamydiae
-Least diverse of all major bacterial lineages: -Only 13 species known -All are spherical and very small -Live as parasitic Endosymbionts (ex. they live inside of living host cells) -common in hosts cells of many vertebrates -can infect a human cell
52
Bacteria-Cyanobacteria
-Found as independent cells, chains that form filaments, or colonies -Very abundant -Produce much of the oxygen, nitrogen, and organic compounds: -Feed organisms living in the surface waters of freshwater and marine environments -common in lakes,rivers, and oceans -contain chlorophyll
53
Bacteria- Firmicutes
-Extremely common in animal intestines: -Live in symbiotic mutualism, aiding digestive process -Several species used in agriculture and food processing -Others cause a variety of human diseases -found among milk solids (white) in yogurt
54
Bacteria- Proteobacteria
-diverse in morphology; some species form stalked cells and spore-forming fruiting bodies -Several species cause disease -Others play key roles in nitrogen cycling -E. coli is a proteobacteria -common in aquatic environments and as pathogens
55
Bacteria- Spirochaetes
-Distinguished by corkscrew shape and flagella: -Flagella contained within outer sheath, which surrounds cell -As a flagellum beats, cell lashes back and forth, moving forward -Parasitic, disease-causing species are propelled by this motion into the tissues of their host -Borrelia causes lyme disease -Other spirochete species are extremely common in freshwater and marine habitats
56
Archaea- Crenarchaeota
-Also called eocytes -Found in harsh environments: For example, hot springs of Yellowstone National Park -Thrive in hot, acidic, and even high-pressure environments, where they may be the only life forms -common in sulfur-rich jot springs, acidic environments and deep-ocean sediments
57
Archaea- Euryarchaeota
-The root word eury—means “broad” -Live in every conceivable habitat: -Some species adapted to high salt habitats -Other species are adapted to acidic conditions -Genus Methanopyrus live near hot springs called black smokers that are 2000 m below sea level -diverse habitats (human gut, highly acidic and alkaline environments, deep-ocean sediments)
58
Archaea- Thaumarchaeota
-Recently recognized, ancient lineage -Extremely abundant in oceans, estuaries, and terrestrial soils -Mesophilic (“middle-loving”): grow best at moderate temperatures -common in fresh and saltwater habitats and soil
59
What Themes Occur in the Diversification of Bacteria and Archaea?
-Genetic variation through gene transfer -Morphological diversity -Metabolic diversity -Ecological diversity and global impacts
60
Lateral Gene Transfer
allows for acquisition of traits not otherwise available via binary fission
61
Transformation
When bacteria or archaea naturally take up DNA from environment released by cell lysis or secreted (see slide 35 on Prokaryotes Lecture)
62
Transduction
viruses pick up DNA from on prokaryotic cell and transfer it to another cell (see slide 36 on Prokaryotes Lecture)
63
Conjugation
genetic information transferred by direct cell-to-cell contact : includes plasmid transfer (see slide 37 on Prokaryotes Lecture)

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