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Biodiversity > Prokaryotes Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Prokaryotes Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two domains of life ?

A

Bacteria and Archaea

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2
Q

What are the characteristics of Bacteria and Archaea?

A

-unicellular
-lack membrane bound nucleus

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3
Q

Do antibiotics affect bacterial cells or archaeal cells ?

A

bacterial cells

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4
Q

Is peptidoglycan present in bacteria or archaea cell walls?

A

bacteria

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5
Q

How old are the oldest fossils ?

A

3.5 billion-year-old bacteria

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6
Q

Where do Bacteria and Archaea live ?

A

almost everywhere; from below Earth’s Surface to Antarctic sea ice

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7
Q

What are extremophiles ?

A

Organisms that live in extreme environments such as:
- Hydrothermal Vents
-pH < 1.0
- 0 degrees Celsius under Antarctic Ice
-Water that is 5-10x saltier than sea water

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8
Q

What are the different shapes a bacteria can have ?

A

Varies from rods, spheres, spirals, and chains

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9
Q

How does bacteria move? How does this motility vary?

A

Moves with flagella. Varies by some bacteria being nonmotile (nonmoving), but swimming and gliding are common.

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10
Q

What is a Gram Stain ?

A

dyeing system to examine cell walls

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11
Q

How can you distinguish Gram-positive cells under a microscope ?

A

They are purple, this is because the cell wall has extensive amount of carbohydrate peptidoglycan.

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12
Q

How can you distinguish Gram-negative cells under a microscope?

A

They are pink, this is because the cell wall has a thin layer containing peptidoglycan and outer phospholipid layer.

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13
Q

What must ALL organisms acquire to make ATP?

A

Chemical Energy

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14
Q

What must ALL organisms obtain for synthesis of cellular components?

A

Carbon Compounds

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15
Q

What are Autotrophs ?

A

synthesize building-block compounds from simple starting materials

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16
Q

What are Heterotrophs?

A

absorbing building-block compounds from their enviroment

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17
Q

What may prokaryotes use for ATP production?

A

-Light
-Organic Molecules
-Inorganic Molecules

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18
Q

Phototrophs

A

photo= “light”
-troph= “feeder”
Light used to excite electrons

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19
Q

What are the organisms that use organic molecules to produce ATP called?

A

Chemoorgantrophs

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20
Q

What are the organisms that use inorganic molecules to produce ATP called?

A

Chemolithotrophs

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21
Q

In Cellar Respiration…

A

Electrons are transferred down electron transport chains from electron donors to electron acceptors.

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22
Q

What do Eukaryotes use as Electron Donors and as Final Electron Acceptor? What do they produce?

A

-Use sugars like glucose as electron donors
-Use oxygen as the final electron acceptor
-Produce CO2 and water as by-products

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23
Q

What do Prokaryotes (Bacteria/Archaea) use as Electron Donors and Acceptors? What do they produce?

A

-use a wide variety of electron donors (H2, H2S, NH3, CH4) and acceptors (SO2-, NO3-, CO2)
-Produce by-products other than CO2 and water

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24
Q

ATP via Fermentation

A

-make ATP without using electron transport chains
-Less efficient than cellular respiration
-does not use an outside electron acceptor

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25
Q

Clostridium

A

-an organic compound
-ferments complex carbohydrates, proteins, purines, or amino acids

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26
Q

What is the smell of swiss cheese a result from?

A

lactose fermentation

27
Q

What is the smell of rotting flesh a result from?

A

Fermenting amino acids produces cadaverine and putrescine

28
Q

What does bacteria in digestive tract ferment?

A

carbohydrates

29
Q

What is the 1st way that Bacteria and Archaea perform Photophosphorylation ?

A
  1. Bacteriorhodopsin (a pigment) is activated by light
    - uses absorbed energy to create a proton gradient
    -the gradient drives ATP synthesis via Chemiosmosis
30
Q

What is the 2nd way that Bacteria and Archaea perform Photophosphorylation ?

A
  1. One bacterium absorbs geothermal radiation for photosynthesis
31
Q

What is the 3rd way that Bacteria and Archaea perform Photophosphorylation ?

A
  1. Pigments absorb light raise raise electrons to high-energy states (requires a source of electrons)
32
Q

In relation to Photophosphorylation, what is Oxygenic Photosynthesis?

A

when species use water as a source of electrons

33
Q

In relation to Photophosphorylation, what is Anoxygenic Photosynthesis?

A

when phototrophic bacteria use molecules other than water as the electron donor

34
Q

Organisms must obtain building-block molecules containing…

A

carbon-carbon bonds

35
Q

Methanotrophs

A

-some bacteria use methane as their carbon source
-“Methane-Eaters”

36
Q

Methanogen

A

-some archaea produce methane as a by-product of cellular respiration

37
Q

What is the relation between Autotrophs and Heterotrophs?

A

-Autotrophs make their own building-block compounds
-Heterotrophs consume the building block compounds Autotrophs produce.

38
Q

What is the results of Bacteria and Archaea producing sophisticated enzymes?

A

can live in extreme environments and use toxic compounds as food

39
Q

How long did no free molecular oxygen exist on Earth?

A

first 2.3 billon years of Earth’s history

40
Q

Cyanobacteria

A

-a photosynthetic bacteria
-first bacteria to perform oxygenic photosynthesis
-changed Earth’s atmosphere to one with high concentration of oxygen
- likely led to mass extinction (The Oxygen Revolution/Catastrophe)

41
Q

The Oxygen Revolution

A

-mass extinction
-allowed aerobic respiration

42
Q

Oxygen

A

-highly electronegative
-efficient electron acceptor

43
Q

Nitrogen Fixation

A

Converts N2 to NH3
-only organisms capable of doing this are bacteria and archaea

44
Q

What do ALL organisms require to synthesize proteins and nucleic acids ?

A

Nitrogen

45
Q

Molecular Nitrogen (N2)

A

abundance in atmosphere, but most organisms cannot use it directly
-must obtain N from ammonia (NH3) or nitrate (NO3-)

46
Q

Where do nitrogen-fixing bacteria live?

A

-live in close association with plants (ex. in root structures called nodules)

47
Q

Nitrite (NO2)

A

-produced by some bacteria as a by-product of respiration
-Used as an electron acceptor by other species and converted to molecular nitrate (NO3).
-NO3 then converted to N2 by another suite of bacterial and archaeal species

48
Q

Nitrogen Cycle

A

driving movement of nitrogen atoms through ecosystems around globe

49
Q

Nitrate Pollution

A

-widespread use of NH3 fertilizers causes pollution
-Bacteria feed on NH3 when added to soil
- These bacteria then release nitrate or nitrite as waste products
-cause pollution in aquatic environments; decreases oxygen content causing anaerobic “dead zones” to develop

50
Q

Bacteria- Actinobacteria

A

-filamentous, forming branching chains
-common in soil and freshwater habitats
-ex.) Genera Streptomyces and Arthrobacter
-important decomposers -some fix nitrogen -can break down toxins

51
Q

Bacteria-Chlamydiae

A

-Least diverse of all major bacterial lineages:
-Only 13 species known
-All are spherical and very small
-Live as parasitic Endosymbionts (ex. they live inside of living host cells)
-common in hosts cells of many vertebrates
-can infect a human cell

52
Q

Bacteria-Cyanobacteria

A

-Found as independent cells, chains that form filaments, or colonies
-Very abundant
-Produce much of the oxygen, nitrogen, and organic compounds:
-Feed organisms living in the surface waters of freshwater and marine environments
-common in lakes,rivers, and oceans
-contain chlorophyll

53
Q

Bacteria- Firmicutes

A

-Extremely common in animal intestines:
-Live in symbiotic mutualism, aiding digestive process
-Several species used in agriculture and food processing
-Others cause a variety of human diseases
-found among milk solids (white) in yogurt

54
Q

Bacteria- Proteobacteria

A

-diverse in morphology; some species form stalked cells and spore-forming fruiting bodies
-Several species cause disease
-Others play key roles in nitrogen cycling
-E. coli is a proteobacteria
-common in aquatic environments and as pathogens

55
Q

Bacteria- Spirochaetes

A

-Distinguished by corkscrew shape and flagella:
-Flagella contained within outer sheath, which surrounds cell
-As a flagellum beats, cell lashes back and forth, moving forward
-Parasitic, disease-causing species are propelled by this motion into the tissues of their host
-Borrelia causes lyme disease
-Other spirochete species are extremely common in freshwater and marine habitats

56
Q

Archaea- Crenarchaeota

A

-Also called eocytes
-Found in harsh environments: For example, hot springs of Yellowstone National Park
-Thrive in hot, acidic, and even high-pressure environments, where they may be the only life forms
-common in sulfur-rich jot springs, acidic environments and deep-ocean sediments

57
Q

Archaea- Euryarchaeota

A

-The root word eury—means “broad”
-Live in every conceivable habitat:
-Some species adapted to high salt habitats
-Other species are adapted to acidic conditions
-Genus Methanopyrus live near hot springs called black smokers that are 2000 m below sea level
-diverse habitats (human gut, highly acidic and alkaline environments, deep-ocean sediments)

58
Q

Archaea- Thaumarchaeota

A

-Recently recognized, ancient lineage
-Extremely abundant in oceans, estuaries, and terrestrial soils
-Mesophilic (“middle-loving”): grow best at moderate temperatures
-common in fresh and saltwater habitats and soil

59
Q

What Themes Occur in the Diversification of Bacteria and Archaea?

A

-Genetic variation through gene transfer
-Morphological diversity
-Metabolic diversity
-Ecological diversity and global impacts

60
Q

Lateral Gene Transfer

A

allows for acquisition of traits not otherwise available via binary fission

61
Q

Transformation

A

When bacteria or archaea naturally take up DNA from environment released by cell lysis or secreted (see slide 35 on Prokaryotes Lecture)

62
Q

Transduction

A

viruses pick up DNA from on prokaryotic cell and transfer it to another cell (see slide 36 on Prokaryotes Lecture)

63
Q

Conjugation

A

genetic information transferred by direct cell-to-cell contact : includes plasmid transfer (see slide 37 on Prokaryotes Lecture)

Biodiversity (1 decks)

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