prokaryotes and their cell structure

Question 1

what are the three domains of life

Answer 1

eukarya
archaea
bacteria

Question 2

what are the functions of bacterial membrane

Answer 2

separates organelles from the environment
selectively permeable barrier
site of respiration/photosynthesis
conserves energy

Question 3

what does the cell wall do

Answer 3

provides shape and protects cell

Question 4

what are the two groups of bacteria when gram staining

Answer 4

gram positive

gram negative

Question 5

what is a gram positive bacteria

Answer 5

it has a thick cell wall that is made of peptidoyglycan layer which traps the crystal violet in the cytoplasm which isn’t rinsed by the use of ethanol (appears blue/purple)

Question 6

what is the process of gram staining

Answer 6

stain with crystal violet
add iodine
wash with ethanol
counter stain with safranin

Question 7

what is a gram negative bacteria

Answer 7

it has a outer membrane and a thin peptidoglycan layer which the crystal violet is easily rinsed by ethanol and then is stained by safranin (apprears red)

Question 8

peptidoglycan structure

Answer 8

a polymer of sugars

sheet structure crossed linked with peptide bridges

Question 9

what breaks down a peptidoglycan structure

Answer 9

lysozyme, disrupts the osmotic regulation

Question 10

what is the purpose of the capsule

Answer 10

proctects from hosts defences

attachment to surfaces

Question 11

what is the purpose of the fimbriae

Answer 11

recognition and attachment to surfaces

Question 12

what is the purpose of the pili

Answer 12

required for mating

Question 13

what is a polar flagellum

Answer 13

flagellum at the end of the cell

Question 14

what is monotrichous flagellum

Answer 14

one flagellum

Question 15

what is ampitrichous flagellum

Answer 15

one flagellum at each end of cell

Question 16

what is lophotrichous flagellum

Answer 16

cluster of flagella at one or both ends

Question 17

what is peritrichous flagellum

Answer 17

spread over the entire surface of the cell

Question 18

what is bacterial cytoplasm

Answer 18

gelatinous material inside the cell

Question 19

what is the nucleotide

Answer 19

a irregular shaped region containing a chromosome/chromosomes

Question 20

what are plasmids

Answer 20

closed circular DNA molecules that are transferred between bacteria

Question 21

what are cellular inclusions

Answer 21

granules of organic/inorganic material that are reserves for future use

Question 22

how are endospores developed

Answer 22

• decides to use one of two polar division sites for septum formation
• replication and formation of axial filament
• the cell separates into two unequal compartments (forespore is smaller)
• mother cell engulfs fore spore
• mother cell chromosome destroyed
• cortex and coat proteins are formed
• maturation from heat and chemical insults
• completing development
• sparangeuim (mother cell) releases mature spore

Question 23

what is the purpose of endospores

Answer 23

to ensure survival of bacterium through periods of environmental stress

Question 24

what bacteria make endospores

Answer 24

gram positive bacteria