Prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Question 1

Prokaryotes are…

Answer 1

unicellular entities and they lack a nucleus and membrane bound organelles.

Question 2

Examples of prokaryotes

Answer 2

Bacteria

Archaea

Question 3

How do prokaryotes replicate?

Answer 3

asexually via binary fission

Question 4

Features of prokaryotes (8):

Answer 4

Plasmid, capsule, cell membrane, cell wall, chromosomes, ribosome, nucleoid region and appendages.

Question 5

Plasmid

Answer 5

small circular rings of double stranded DNA which carry non-essential genes and are duplicated independently of chromosomes

Question 6

Capsule

Answer 6

polysaccharides used for adhesion too surfaces and other bacteria

prevents desiccation

Question 7

Cell wall

Answer 7

located below the capsule, maintains the cells shape and plays in a role protection and withstanding pressures within the cell. Made out murein.

Question 8

Cell membrane

Answer 8

lies underneath the cell wall, containing phospholipids which are arranged in a bilayer conformation where the hydrophobic tails (fatty acids) are in the interior with the hydrophilic heads (glycerol plus phosphate) out on the exterior.

Question 9

Chromosome

Answer 9

genetic material found within the nucleoid region

Question 10

Ribosome

Answer 10

the site of protein synthesis

Question 11

Nucleoid region

Answer 11

region in the cell where the double stranded circular chromosomal materials are found.

Question 12

Appendages

Answer 12

Pili and Flagellum

Question 13

Pili

Answer 13

longer structures that play a role in conjugation and in some cases movement

Question 14

Flagellum

Answer 14

a structure that helps the cell to move around

Question 15

Eukaryotes

Answer 15

nucleus, membrane bound organelles

Question 16

Eukaryote cell examples

Answer 16

animal, fungi, plant and protists

Question 17

Eukaryotic reproduction?

Answer 17

sexual and asexual

Question 18

Eukaryotic / animal cell organelles (11)

Answer 18

Nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, rough ER, smooth ER, Golgi apparatus, excretory vesicles, cytoplasm, plasma membrane, lysosome, Peroxisome

Question 19

Nucleus

Answer 19

contains all the genetic material. Surrounded by nuclear envelope with pores.

Question 20

Nucleolus

Answer 20

ribosomes are formed here

Question 21

Mitochondria

Answer 21

site of aerobic respiration, ATP energy is produced here.

Double membrane called he envelope.

Inner membrane - cristae + matrix on the outside with enzymes for respiration

Question 22

RER

Answer 22

sacs with membranes with ribosomes on top to fold and process proteins

Question 23

SER

Answer 23

membrane bound sac for producing, processing and transporting lipids + carbohydrates

Question 24

Ribosomes

Answer 24

two subunits, are the site of protein production

Question 25

Golgi apparatus

Answer 25

fluid filled sacs with vesicles

processes. modifies and packages proteins

produces lysosomes

Question 26

Lysosomes

Answer 26

have digestive enzymes that break down pathogens and old organelles

Question 27

Cytoplasm

Answer 27

area where organelles are found

Question 28

Peroxisome

Answer 28

aids in metabolising waste

Question 29

centrioles

Answer 29

hollow cylinders involved in cell division

Question 30

Differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes:

Answer 30

all p have cells walls, only some e like plant cells

p are unicellular + replication is fast whereas e are multicellular + replication takes time

p lacks membrane bound organelles, e has many such as nucleus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, vacuoles, lysosomes, mitochondria, and, in plants, chloroplasts.

p have no nucleus - instead single circular free floating DNA

p have smaller ribosomes (80vs70)

circular vs linear DNA

cell wall with murine

Question 31

Bacteria and Viruses can cause … usually…

Answer 31

infectious diseases

transmitted via contact, bodily fluids, etc.

Question 32

binary fission

Answer 32

The single, circular DNA molecule undergoes DNA replication

Any plasmids present undergo DNA replication

The parent cell divides into two cells, with the cytoplasm roughly halved between the two daughter cells

The two daughter cells each contain a single copy of the circular DNA molecule and a variable number of plasmids