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Biology KCKCC > prokaryotes and eukaryotes > Flashcards

prokaryotes and eukaryotes Flashcards

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1
Q

What kinds of organisms are prokaryotes and what kind of organisms are eukaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes: bacteria and archaea
Eukaryotes: animal, plant, fungi, protista

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2
Q

What is the difference between a eukaryotic and a prokaryotic cell?

A

Eukaryotic: nucleus, membrane-bound organelles, bigger
Prokaryotic: no nucleus, no membrane-bound organelles, smaller

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3
Q

Why might we want to know the cellular differences between bacteria and animals like us?

A

To exploit them with antibiotics

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4
Q

What is the function of a smooth ER?

A

Fat synthesis, detoxifying drugs, formation of carbs

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5
Q

What are the functions of Rough ER

A

Produces proteins

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6
Q

What is the function of Golgi Bodies

A

Packages proteins and lipids to be exported

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7
Q

What are three differences we can exploit in the use of antibiotics against bacteria?

A

ribosomes, cell wall, DNA

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8
Q

What antibiotic attacks the cell wall of a bacteria and what is in the cell wall that is attacked?

A

Antibiotics like penicillin and methicillin attack peptides in the cell wall

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9
Q

What is the difference in size in ribosomes of prokaryotic and eukaryotic?

A

Prokaryotes are 70s and eukaryotes are 80s

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10
Q

Why are bacteria able to reproduce so fast based on their DNA amount and structure?

A

They only have one chromosome that copies quickly with binary fission

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11
Q

How is the creation of organelles through autogenesis done, and name some organelles produced this way?

A

Autogenesis is done as living organisms are created of nonliving matter, in other words self-creation . The nucleus and rough ER likely arose from this

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12
Q

Explain how organelles could be produced by endosymbiosis, and the two types of organelles originated this way.

A

Endosymbiosis happens when a prokaryote is engulfed into another and survives while mutually benefitting from one another. The mitochondria and chloroplast arose from this

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13
Q

Name three pieces of evidence supporting the fact that the organelles above originated through endosymbiosis.

A

having two membranes , some cells have their own dna, 70s ribosomes

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14
Q

How do we know that the mitochondria was essential and a game changer?

A

It creates energy for cellular functions of all biological processes

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15
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

Provide structural strength and support

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16
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

Determine what goes in and out the cell

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17
Q

What is the function of peroxisomes?

A

Breaks down fatty acids

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18
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Control center that contains DNA and hereditary information

19
Q

What is the function of the smooth ER?

A

fat synthesis and detoxify carbs

20
Q

What is the function of the rough ER?

A

protein synthesis

21
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

Makes all ATP

22
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts?

A

Capture sunlight and use CO2 to make chemical energy

23
Q

What is the function of lysosomes?

A

break down parts of the cell and food

24
Q

What is the function of the central vacuole?

A

storage in the cell

25
Q

What is the evidence that chloroplasts arose multiple times, and at least how many times do we know they have arisen?

A

chloroplasts evolved by starting out as being englufed by a non photosynteic bacteria then progressively losing its DNA to where it onnly retains a fraction of its DNA. It is also said that cholorplasts originated by the female gamete. they have arisen at least 3 times

26
Q

What is the origin of the mitochondria?

A

mitochondria evolved endosymbiotically when one prokaryote engulfed another and they mutually benefited from each other

27
Q

How do antibiotics work in prokaryotes vs eukaryotes?

A

Antibiotics are ineffective against viruses since there is nothing for them to attack. They can be produced both naturally from bacteria and synthetically.
Eukaryotes are not affected by antibiotics because they have different structures and metabolic pathways to prokaryotes

28
Q

Why are prokaryotes smaller than eukaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes are less complex than eukaryotes and prokaryotes have high surface area that allows for diffusion to happen much quicker and since they only need to copy once as a unicellular organism, they are easier to divide.

29
Q

What does prokaryote and eukaryote mean?

A

Prokaryote: before kernel, before nucleus
Eukaryote: true kernel or true nucleus

29
Q

What are the three minimal structures needed for a cell to survive?

A

cell membrane, cytosol, nucleus

30
Q

How are ribosomes different in bacteria and eukaryotes?

A

eukaryotes have bigger ribosomes

31
Q

Explain why mitochondria could be considered so valuable for a cell and how it could allow it to increase in size.

A

mitochondria makes all the energy for everything to happen in the cell and can increase in size if it works harder than it needs to

32
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

when compounds break down with water

33
Q

What is dehydration synthesis?

A

when two molecules combine and release water

34
Q

what is meiosis?

A

sexual reproduction from mixing cells

35
Q

what is mitosis

A

asexual reproduction from copying a cell

36
Q

what are the 4 levels of proteins?

A

primary, tertiary, secondary, and quaternary

37
Q

what are gametes?

A

sex cells like sperm and eggs

38
Q

what are isomers?

A

molecules that have the same chemical equation but are in different forms

39
Q

the monomers of carbohydrates are _________

A

monosaccharides

40
Q

what 6 carbon form is used most in our body?

A

glucose

41
Q

what monosaccharide combinations are used to form each disaccharide?

A

glucose+galactose, fructose+glucose, glucose+glucose

42
Q

where are disaccharides broken down ?

A

small intestine

43
Q

What is the function of chromatin?

A

to package DNA in a unit

Biology KCKCC (4 decks)

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