Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Flashcards
Compare and contrast prokaryotes and Eukaryotes.
Eukaryotes- bigger (15-20 um), contain, plasma membrane, nucleus (carry genetic info in form of double stranded DNA), round and circular
Prokaryotes - smaller (1-3 um) , no membrane bound organelles, plasma membrane, long, oval bean shape
What are the two main types of prokaryotes?
Bacteria and Archaea- both unicellular organisms, no nucleus, no forming of tissues. Cell wall helps protect them and isolate from environment. Bacteria has no membrane compartments or mem bound organelles.
Which eukaryotes have cell walls?
Yeast (unicellular eukaryotes), and plants.
What structure does each cell have? what is it made of?
Plasma membrane (composed of phospholipid bilayer)
Why is the cell wall so important for bacterial cells?
The cell wall is predominantly composed of POLYSACCHARIDES (carbohydrate polymers) an another cell biopolymer that can attach to lipids or proteins. Cell wall controls transport of molecules across cell surface, carries out energy conversion, and senses the environment.
what cell structures found in both prokaryotes (mostly) and eukaryotes are necessary for cell motility?
Flagellum (pl flagella)
Bacteria has flagellum. eukaryotic cells like unicellular GREEN ALGAE (CHLAMYDOMONAS) and animal SPERM cells have flagella. Eukaryotes also have tubulin.
Compare and contrast gram positive, gram negative and Acid fast bacteria. Provide examples of each.
Gram negative- 2 lipid bilayers (outer membrane, cytoplasmic membrane, one peptidoglycan layer (absorb dye), Ex: E. Coli
gram positive- one lipid bilayer, three peptidoglycan layers (thick cell wall), retains dye. Ex: Anthrax
Acid Fast- has MYCOLIC ACIDS , one lipid bilayer. Similar to gram negative due to not retaining dye. Similar to Gram positive bacteria b/c of three layer peptidoglycan. form of gram positive bacteria. lipid content repels dyes. Ex; Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Describe Bacteria’s DNA.
DNA are in the form of SINGLE CIRCULAR CHROMOSOME (long double stranded, with linked ends). all gene expression stages occur in cytosol. have a genetic apparatus with similar organization to all prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Describe Bacteria’s DNA.
DNA are in the form of SINGLE CIRCULAR CHROMOSOME (long double stranded, with linked ends). all gene expression stages occur in cytosol. have a genetic apparatus with similar organization (DNA to RNA to protein) to all prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Which organism has the largest variety of organisms on Earth?
Prokaryotes. They vary the most by physiology. Specifically, UNICELLULAR PROKARYOTES like BACTERIA have the most variety.
What is anabaena Cylindrica?
Photosynthetic bacterium that forms long, multicellular filaments. Each filaments have a different function H- fixate nitrogen, S-spores, V- photosynthesis. Not true differentiated cells because they can separate without loss of viability and each give rise to similar colony.
Describe aerobic respiration in bacterial cells.
majority of bacteria derive energy from oxidizing food molecules using atmospheric oxygen. Bacteria who partake in this are called AEROBE. glucose and oxygen covert into co2 and water (breathing).
How many molecules of ATP can bacterial cells generate with 1 mole of glucose?
1 mole of glucose can generate 30- 36 ATP molecules .
what are respiratory complexes?
specific proteins in the plasma membrane that use the energy of passing electrons to move protons outside cell.
What is a transmembrane proton gradient?
gradient created due to passing electrons from one complex to another (ETC)
What is the function of the bacterial cell plasma membrane?
Energy storage.
What is the purpose of ATP synthase?
ATP synthase opening that protons go through to move across the plasma membrane since H+ cannot do so on their own. ATP synthase is a molecular machine that uses energy of proton gradient to synthesize ATP. Converts 3 protons into 1 ATP.
What kind of bacteria has more efficient energy production and why?
Gram negative bacteria b/c their extra membrane allows for harnessing of proton gradient (more H+ go out and generate more ATP
What occurs during bacterial anaerobic respiration?
process by which bacteria produce energy from oxidation of organic compounds in an Oxygen free environment. these bacteria are called anaerobes. Ex: SULFUR-reducing BACTERIA has electron acceptor Sulfate to derive energy. Sulfate like O2 can be breathed in oxygen free environment as way of extracting energy from carbs (glucose + SO4 convert to co2 and H2S)
what is significance behind membrane structures of photosynthetic bacteria?
membrane structures of photo bacterium Phormidium laminosum INCREASE EFFICIENCY OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS. The folds give rise to THYLAKOIDS which are internal structures of CHLOROPLASTS (Photosynth. organelle) that originate from ancient cyanobacteria.
What other form of bacteria can do photosynthesis, without use of water?
Green sulfur bacteria also undergoes photosynthesis, by using Sulfur (H2S) as an electron donor to fix carbon dioxide in presence of light (co2 and H2S convert to make glucose and S6).
Why does Sulfur exist on Earth?
Due to bacterial being present on earth for photosynthetic processes and acquiring energy.
What is chemosynthesis and how does it compare to photosynthesis? What are the bacterial organisms called that partake in chemosynthesis?
process of using energy obtained from inorganic fuels to produce food (carbohydrates). This process is slower and less efficient than photosynthesis. bacteria who partake in this called extremophiles. Ex: methanogens, sulfur bacterium.
What are organisms that use inorganic fuel to derive energy? List examples of them.
lithotrophs. Ex: SULFUR BACTERIUM (beggiatoa) derives energy by oxidizing hydrogen sulfide H2S to free sulfur and use energy to fix CO2 in the dark. METHANOGENs fix CO2 by oxidizing free hydrogen (H2) to release methane (CH4) as byproduct. Methanogenic bacteria live in anaerobic conditions, of deep ocean ridges.
