prokaryotes and eukaroytes (L2)

Question 1

definition of a prokaryote

Answer 1

‘An organism lacking a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles and usually having its DNA in a single circular molecule.’

Question 2

Why are we interested in the structure and contents of a bacterium?

Answer 2

further our understanding of biology
aid in the diagnosis of infectious disease
aid in drug discovery

Question 3

give me some structures in a prokaryotic structure

Answer 3

nuceloid
pillio
plasmids

Question 4

what are some Structures common to all bacteria

Answer 4

Complex outer envelope protects from environmental stresses

Compact genome maximise the production of cells from limited resources

Tightly coordinated cell functions coordinate action enables high reproduction rate

Question 5

give me the model of the bacterial cell

Answer 5

Cytoplasm – gel like network

Cell membrane

Cell wall

Outer membrane

Single chromosome

Ribosomes

Question 6

what are pilli

Answer 6

Are Protein Fibers Extending from the Surface of Many Prokaryotes

Question 7

what do pilli help with

Answer 7

-attach cells to surfaces

-to form biofilms and microcolonies

-Some bacterial species have conjugation pili, used to transfer genetic material between cells

Question 8

what do Prokaryotic flagella contain

Answer 8

a helical filament, a hook, and a basal body

Question 9

what does bactiera exhibit

Answer 9

exhibit chemotaxis, moving up the concentration gradient of a chemical attractant

Question 10

what is the glycocalyx

Answer 10

Is an Outer Layer External to the Cell Wall

Question 11

describe the glycocalyx

Answer 11

The glycocalyx is located external to the cell wall.

Composed of polysaccharides and sometimes small proteins.

A thick glycocalyx adhered to the cell forms a capsule.
A capsule serves as a protective layer
.
A thinner layer of polysaccharides is known as a slime layer.

It facilitates cell attachment to surfaces.
Overall, it offers protection and adhesion capabilities to cells.

Question 12

what does the glycolax protect from

Answer 12

It protects cells from the environment and allows them to attach to surfaces

Question 13

what is the fuction of the membrane

Answer 13

Holds the cytoplasm in

Carry proteins with specific functions (ATP synthesis)

Question 14

what do eujaroytes use to strengthen the membrane

Answer 14

cholesterol

Question 15

what do prokaryotes use to strengthen the membrane

Answer 15

terpenes (hopanoids, hopanes)

Question 16

describe the cell wall

Answer 16

It is made of peptidoglycan

It is highly porous to ions and small organic molecules

Single molecule

Question 17

describe peptidglyocan structure

Answer 17

Parallel polymers of disaccharides (glycans)

These are cross-linked with peptides

Question 18

describe gram + bactiera

Answer 18

Thick cell wall
- Multiple layers of peptidoglycan
- Teichoic acids

Question 19

decribe gram - bactiera

Answer 19

• Thin cell wall (single layer of peptidoglycan)
• Outer membrane - LPS

Question 20

describe the genome

Answer 20

Single chromosome

Single chromosome

Haploid

Question 21

what is the purpose of the plasmid

Answer 21

Transfer genetic traits between bacteria
May give bacteria a selective advantage in an environment

Question 22

describe fungi

Answer 22

Molds have hyphae

Hyphae intertwine to make visible masses known as mycelia

Cell walls made of chitin

Question 23

Fungi cause disease through three major mechanisms

Answer 23

Allergic responses to fungi
Mycotoxins (e.g., aflatoxins;)
Infections (mycoses

Question 24

describe malaria

Answer 24

A protist disease caused by Plasmodium spp.
Generally found in tropical and subtropical regions

Question 25

give me summary of prokaryotes

Answer 25

The cell wall is a conserved structure called peptidoglycan

Peptidoglycan is made of two repeating sugar subunits

Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria have different cell envelopes

Question 26

summarise eukaroytes

Answer 26

Can be difficult to treat

Many are opportunistic

Some are killers