Prokaryotes Flashcards
Their importance Characteristics Types
what are the different roles of prokaryotes?
- commercial applications with extremophiles
- bacteria and arches used to remove pollutants by breaking down oil (bioremediation)
- bacteria are pathogenic and affect synthesis in cell wall, nucleic acid, and proteins
- in the ecosystem: decomposers, photosynthetic, cyanobacteria, nitrogen fixation, hetereocysts
what is a prokaryote?
Type of cell with following characteristics; small, unicellular, few or/no. membrane bound organelles, no nuclear membrane, a singular circular DNA (some have plasmids)
what are the differences between bacteria and archea?
similar: no nucleus, circular DNA, no membrane bound, unicellular
differences: outside membrane different , phospholipid linkages
what are the major themes of bacterial diversity?
mechanisms of reproduction
morphology
metabolism
mechanisms of reproduction for bacteria
binary fission
pieces of DNA can move from one individual to another via conjugation (a way to introduce DIVERSITY)
Asexual reproduction has its
advantages: reproduce anytime, no need fo partner
disadvantages: no variety (diversity)
how can bacteria be distinguished by their morphology?
size, shape, and motility (movement) varies
what are the shape and organization of :
- diplococcus
- diplospirochaete
- streptospirillium
- straphytobacillus
shape: organization:
1. sphere pair
2. spiral pair
3. chain-like. spiral
4. grape-like. rod
how can bacteria be distinguished by their cell wall?
gram postitive: plasma membrane surrouded by a cell wall with peptogylcan (absorb purple dye)
gram negative: plasma membrane surrounded by a cell wall with 2 layers: peptogylcan and outer phospholipid bilayer
( absorb pink)
what are the six strategies prokaryotes use to obtain energy?
Phototrops: light energy to ATP, light energy excites electrons; ATP is produced by phosphorylation
ATP from organic and inorganic:
Chemoorganotrophs: oxidize organic molecules with high PE (sugars)
Chemolithotrophs: oxidize inorganic mol with high PE (rock feeders)
Autotrohps( self-feeders) build CC bonds form simple starting materials such as CO2 and CH4. Cyanobacteria use CO2–> sugar
Heterotrophs absorb CC bonds from environment from molecules produced by other organisms
Humans are chemooragnoheterotrophs
Prokaryotes: photoheterotrophs
chemoorganoheterophs
chemolithotrophic heterotrophs
what are the major lineages of bacteria?
Firmicutes Cyanobacteria Actinobacteria Spirobacteria Chlamydiae Proteobacteria
Firmicutes
low-GC gram positive; purple
used in fermentation
Cyanobacteria
blue-green algae
perform oxygenic photosynthesis
occur in strepto and strapto organizations
Actinobacteria
high-GC gram positive
cell shape varies rods to filaments; some have extensive branching chains
spirochetes
corkscrew + flagella
cause syphillus and Lyme disease
common in fresh water bc of that flagella
chlamydiae
small spheres
all known are fucking endosymbionts which means like live inside host cells, free rent he hoo, and they get free food too and cause the disease in the host what a prick
