Prokaryotes Flashcards
Cell Theory
The Cell Theory states:
All living things are made up of cells
Cells are the smallest working units of all living things.
All cells come from preexisting cells through cell division
All living things are made up of cells
Cells are the smallest working units of all living things.
All cells come from preexisting cells through cell division
Cell theory
Cell
is the smallest unit that is capable of performing life functions
is the smallest unit that is capable of performing life functions
Cell
Prokaryotic (before the nucleus) cells
No nuclear membrane
Genetic material located in the cytoplasm of the cell
Bacteria and some blue-green algae
No nuclear membrane
Genetic material located in the cytoplasm of the cell
Bacteria and some blue-green algae
Prokaryotic (before the nucleus) Cells
Genetic material inside a nuclear membrane
Animal and plant cells
Most protozoan cells, fungal cells
Eukaryotic (true nucleus) Cells
Eukaryotic (true nucleus) Cells
Genetic material inside a nuclear membrane
Animal and plant cells
Most protozoan cells, fungal cells
Organelle
An organelle is a miniature organ that carries out a specific function inside a living cell
Can be thought of as a miniature balloon
The membrane of the organelle establishes an inside/outside orientation
The inside environment can be regulated separately
is a miniature organ that carries out a specific function inside a living cell
Can be thought of as a miniature balloon
The membrane of the organelle establishes an inside/outside orientation
The inside environment can be regulated separately
Organelle
can be visualized as a miniature balloon
A membrane establishes an inside/outside orientation
Internal environment can be regulated separately from external environment
Can selectively take up nutrients and excrete waste products
Can sequester destructive enzymes and chemicals (lysosomes) to carry out a specific task without causing damage to the rest of the cell
CELL MEMBRANE
CELL MEMBRANE
A cell membrane can be visualized as a miniature balloon
A membrane establishes an inside/outside orientation
Internal environment can be regulated separately from external environment
Can selectively take up nutrients and excrete waste products
Can sequester destructive enzymes and chemicals (lysosomes) to carry out a specific task without causing damage to the rest of the cell
Kingdom: Monera
No nuclear membrane surrounding genetic material
Bacteria have one circular chromosome wadded up in the cell
Bacterial organelles:
A cell membrane
A rigid outer cell wall
Ribosomes in cytoplasm
Free-living, one-celled organisms
Cytoplasm fills the cell (a gel-like substance)
Some species have one or more flagella (singular: flagellum) for locomotion
Prokaryotic Cells
Bacteria, some blue-green algae
Prokaryotic Cells
Bacteria, some blue-green algae
Kingdom: Monera
No nuclear membrane surrounding genetic material
Bacteria have one circular chromosome wadded up in the cell
Bacterial organelles:
A cell membrane
A rigid outer cell wall
Ribosomes in cytoplasm
Free-living, one-celled organisms
Cytoplasm fills the cell (a gel-like substance)
Some species have one or more flagella (singular: flagellum) for locomotion
plural
Self-replicate by binary fission
Their one chromosome directs reproduction and other cell functions
Cell components are copied and the cell divides in half
Binary fission is asexual reproduction
Cell division produces two identical daughter cells
Bacteria are microscopic and can be seen with 1000x magnification
Archaebacteria are the chemosynthetic organisms populating deep-sea vents
Bacteria
Bacteria
Bacterium is singular; bacteria is plural
Self-replicate by binary fission
Their one chromosome directs reproduction and other cell functions
Cell components are copied and the cell divides in half
Binary fission is asexual reproduction
Cell division produces two identical daughter cells
Bacteria are microscopic and can be seen with 1000x magnification
Archaebacteria are the chemosynthetic organisms populating deep-sea vents
Archaebacteria
are the chemosynthetic organisms populating deep-sea vents
are the chemosynthetic organisms populating deep-sea vents
Archaebacteria
The single E. coli circular chromosome represented as a double helix
Image below is various identified genes on the chromosome
E. coli Chromosome
E. coli Chromosome
The single E. coli circular chromosome represented as a double helix
Image below is various identified genes on the chromosome
yanobacteria, also known as Cyanophyta, are a phylum of Gram-negative bacteria that obtain energy via photosynthesis.
Cyanobacteria, are prokaryotes.
The name cyanobacteria comes from their color, giving them their other name, “blue-green algae”
They appear to have originated in freshwater or a terrestrial environment.
They presents a risk to humans who are directly exposed to, or consume the algae.
Symptoms can include skin/mucosa irritation, flu-like symptoms, and gastrointestinal illness. Severe cases could include seizures, liver failure, respiratory arrest-even death,
can cause a foul odor to the water, a layer of scum on the surface and even pose a health risk. Green algae may colour the water green, look unclear and plants can die.
Photosynthetic Bacteria: Cyanobacteria
Photosynthetic Bacteria: Cyanobacteria
yanobacteria, also known as Cyanophyta, are a phylum of Gram-negative bacteria that obtain energy via photosynthesis.
Cyanobacteria, are prokaryotes.
The name cyanobacteria comes from their color, giving them their other name, “blue-green algae”
They appear to have originated in freshwater or a terrestrial environment.
They presents a risk to humans who are directly exposed to, or consume the algae.
Symptoms can include skin/mucosa irritation, flu-like symptoms, and gastrointestinal illness. Severe cases could include seizures, liver failure, respiratory arrest-even death,
can cause a foul odor to the water, a layer of scum on the surface and even pose a health risk. Green algae may colour the water green, look unclear and plants can die.
are found in animal and plant cells in their cytoplasm
(singular) is an organelle that converts sugar to energy for the cell
Process is termed respiration
has a single circular chromosome and is capable of self-replication independently of the animal or plant cell nucleus
Mitochondria
Mitochondria
Mitochondria are found in animal and plant cells in their cytoplasm
A Mitochondrion (singular) is an organelle that converts sugar to energy for the cell
Process is termed respiration
A mitochondrion has a single circular chromosome and is capable of self-replication independently of the animal or plant cell nucleus
A mitochondrion (plural mitochondria)
Is the size of a bacterium
Has a single circular chromosome like a bacterium
Is self-replicating (reproduces itself independently of the animal or plant cell nucleus) like a bacterium
Some scientists believe that mitochondria evolved from free-living bacteria that were engulfed into the cytoplasm of plant and animal cells
If so, this would a major event in evolution. Organisms with mitochondria would
Create more energy and grow faster
Be able to populate new environments
Similarity of a Mitochondrion to a Bacterium
Similarity of a Mitochondrion to a Bacterium
A mitochondrion (plural mitochondria)
Is the size of a bacterium
Has a single circular chromosome like a bacterium
Is self-replicating (reproduces itself independently of the animal or plant cell nucleus) like a bacterium
Some scientists believe that mitochondria evolved from free-living bacteria that were engulfed into the cytoplasm of plant and animal cells
If so, this would a major event in evolution. Organisms with mitochondria would
Create more energy and grow faster
Be able to populate new environments
