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Bio 181 > Prokaryotes > Flashcards

Prokaryotes Flashcards

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1
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Binary fission, recycle nutrients by decomposing dead organisms and allowing their nutrients to be reused. Single celled and has no nucleus or speciallized organelles

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2
Q

Bacteria

A

Traits:Unicellular, Small cell size, No nucleus,circular DNA, reproduce through cell division

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3
Q

Archaea Traits

A

-DNA replication
- no membrane bounded nucleus
-genes arrayed along a circular chromosome,
-limited by diffusion
-genetic diversity is prompted by horizontal gene transfer
-major groups:DPANN,TACK, and Euryarchaeota
-only grow in high temperatures

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4
Q

Stromatolites

A

First cells,pump oxygen into oceans, lead to evolution of multicellular life

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5
Q

First fossil life on earth

A

developed from protocells

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6
Q

plasmids

A

Allows exchange of plasmids
Some bacteria carry smaller circles of DNA

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7
Q

chemoautotrophs

A

use..
-inorganic compounds as a source of carbon and energy
-function as primary producers
-synthesize their own organic molecules from the fixation of carbon dioxide
-produce their own food, or energy

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8
Q

horizontal gene transfer

A

-Conjugation (cell to cell contact;exchange of plasmids)
-Transduction (by viruses;DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another by a virus)
-Transformation(from environment;incorporated and contains DNA from dead donor cell)

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9
Q

nitrogen fixation

A

reduce nitrogen gas to ammonia which is then absorbed by organisms

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10
Q

endospores

A

-Develop a thick wall,environmental stress,increase survival, germinate when conditions improve, tetanus, botulism and anthrax

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11
Q

antibiotic resistance

A

-Growing problem, improper prescription of antibiotic, widespread use in agriculture, conjunction and transformation. Can multiply and cause issues

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12
Q

Eukaryotes

A

-ability to maintain different environments inside a single -cell allows eukaryotic cells to carry out complex metabolic reactions that prokaryotes cannot (ions and organic molecules that enter them to quickly spread to other parts of the cell)
-presence of cytoskeleton(maintain shape and internal organization
compartmentalization(nucleus and organelles)
-possibilities for movement and feeding

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13
Q

sexual reproduction

A

-promotes genetic diversity in eukaryotic populations
-Haploid phase: Asexual reproduction away from 2n
-Diploid Phase: with 2n(diploid chromosome organism)(diploid:2 chromosomes in organisms cell)

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14
Q

organelles

A

Evolved via endosymbiosis between an ancestral eukaryote and bacterial cell(mitochondria and chloroplasts
-subcellular structure that has one or more specific jobs to perform in the cell

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15
Q

flagellum-slender

A

help an organism in movement
- like a propeller

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16
Q

mitochondria

A

power house of a cell
generates chemical energy needed to power the cells biochemical reactions and digests nutrients

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17
Q

endosymbiosis

A

provides energy or nutrition for the host
-one organism lives inside the other

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18
Q

opisthokonts

A

Most diverse eukaryotic. Include animals, fungi and choanoflagellates(unicellular comprising of marine and freshwater species)

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19
Q

amoebozoans

A

produce multicellular structures by the aggregation of amoeba-like cells,include organisms that cause human disease

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20
Q

algae(s)

A

Archaeplastida. removes oil and expels much drier biomass, photosynthetic protists

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21
Q

photoautotroph

A

biosynthesis and respiration. transforms solar source into chemical energy in food that powers life

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22
Q

Multicellularity

A

Cells living together. Can increase in size without limitations, avoid predation, maintain position. More than one cell performing differing functions
Requires: cell adhesion, communication, differentiation, transportation of nutrients

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23
Q

Cambrian explosion

A

radiation of complex life (multicellularity)

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24
Q

diffusion

A

movement of molecules from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration

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25
Q

vascular tissues

A

transports water (or sugar downwards)and nutrients upward from the soil to leaves where photosynthesis takes place

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26
Q

cell walls

A

provides tensile strength and protection against mechanical and osmotic stress( protection for the cell)

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27
Q

Gap junction

A

allows cells to communicate with each other in a targeted fashion. Permit cell to cell transfer of ions and small molecules

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28
Q

plasmodesmata

A

-Intercellular connections lined by extensions of the cell membrane.
-trafficking of molecules between cells and important to plat development

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29
Q

oxygen circulation

A

carries oxygen to cell

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30
Q

Plant Diversity

A

balances ecosystems,protects watersheds,mitigates erosion, moderates climate, and provides shelter to animals

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31
Q

Green Algae

A

food source, antibiotics,antoixidants,
etc

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32
Q

bryophytes

A

balance CO2 gain and water loss, photosynthesizing in and tolerating desiccation

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33
Q

xylem

A

transports water and dissolved nutrients from the soil, hydrating the leaves

34
Q

Phloem

A

Phloem transports carbohydrates throughout the plant for use in growth and respirations. Aids in forming multicells

35
Q

vascular plants

A

maintain the hydration of their photosynthesis cells with water pulled from the soil. Prude for: roots,stems,leaves and reproductive organs

36
Q

tracheophytes

A

conduct water vertically and permit significant upward growth

37
Q

gymnosperms

A

produce seeds without fruits and can be used as food

38
Q

angiosperms

A

produce flowers and fruits that increase efficiency of pollination and seed dispersal and provide resources for seeds after fertilization

39
Q

cuticle

A

outermost layer, protects against drought,extreme temps, UV radiation, chemical attack,mechanical injuries and pathogen/pest infection.

40
Q

stomata

A

regulates gas exchange between the plant and environment and control of water loss.

41
Q

monocot

A

single cotyledon pr embryonic seed leaf and don’t form vascular cambium

42
Q

eudicot

A

2 cotyledon, or embryonic seed seed and don’t form a vascular cambium

43
Q

Fungi

A

transform nutrients for plants. Some are decomposers.

44
Q

hyphae

A

multicellular fragments, form a network called a mycelium. relied upon to find food and absorb nutrients. Some fungi(yeasts) cannot produce hyphae

45
Q

mycelium

A

a network/transport to pass nutrients along fungal body

46
Q

spores

A

Fungi reproduce sexually and asexually and disperse spores.Allow reproduction

47
Q

heterokaryotic

A

a stage between cell fusion and nuclear fusion. Distinct haploid nuclei . Produce cells that contain two haploid nuclei, one from each parent decomposer

48
Q

septum

A

Cell wall strengthening. Allow ribsomes,mitochondria, and somtimes nuclei to flow among cells.

49
Q

lichen

A

-Stable associations between a fungus and photosynthetic microorganisms
-function and even reproduce a single organism.
-Produce structure for algae to live in

50
Q

mycorrhizae

A

helps plant obtain additional moisture and nutrients and protection against disease

51
Q

chytrid

A

A fungi that reside in aquatic or moist habitats and lack well defined hyphae

52
Q

basidiomycete

A

form septa along their hyphae, Produce cells that contain two haploid nuclei, one from each parent. Cause destructive diseases in crops(wheat,oats,etc)

53
Q

ascomycete

A

wood rotting fungi, ectomycorrhizal species .Decomposers of organic material, dead leaves and animals

54
Q

zygomycete

A

produce hyphae without septa. Germinate and start growth period

55
Q

yeast

A

do not produce hyphae. Cause fermentation and leavening

56
Q

pathogens

A

Brings disease to its hosts

57
Q

Animal Diversity

A

provides a boost to the ecosystems productivity

58
Q

heterotroph

A

form a blastula and a gastrula during development / for energy and nutrients

59
Q

porifera

A

filter the surrounding water and cycle nutrients

60
Q

gastrulation

A

Results in a hollow ball one cell thick with an indent (2nd development pattern)

61
Q

diploblastic vs triploblastic

A

-dip(2 cell layers:Ectoderm and Endoderm)
-Tri(3 cell layers: Ecto,endo,mesoderm)

62
Q

protostome

A

Develops into the mouth first: space for internal organs to grow and develop independently

63
Q

Deuterostome

A

Develops into the anus, the mouth develops later

64
Q

blastopore

A

The opening of the central cavity of an embryo in the early stage development/ organizes and defines the germ layers

65
Q

radial vs spiral cleavage

A

radial: daughter cells are located exactly on top of one another) Spiral(opposite of radial)

66
Q

acoelomate vs coelomate

A

-Coe-have a fluid-filled cavity between gut well and the outer body wall.) -Aceo(opposite of coe)

67
Q

bilateral vs radial symmetry

A

-Bila-movement and cephalization, perfectly match)
-Radial(opposite)

68
Q

cephalization

A

Help the organism search for food sources more quickly

69
Q

segmentation

A

facilitates specialization of body regions. (alter body shape and control and protect sensitive organs from damage

70
Q

choanoflagellate

A

capture bacteria by apical flagellum. Feed on bacteria and link otherwise inaccessible forms of carbon to organisms

71
Q

collar composed

A

collect bacteria and filter for ingestion

72
Q

cnidaria

A

form multiple tissues,differentiate nerve and muscle cells and feel as predator by means of specialized stinging cells

73
Q

lophotrochozoan

A

consist of 17 phyla, including annelid worms and mollusks

74
Q

ecdysozoan

A

include several phyla, notably nematodes and arthropods, that molt their cuticles

75
Q

echinoderm

A

Have five fold symmetry superimposed by their basic bilateral body plan

76
Q

arthropod

A

4 main groups;insects,chelicerates,myriapods and crustaceans

77
Q

chordate

A

include vertebrates

78
Q

annelid

A

earthworms and leeches but most live in the oceans

79
Q

mollusk

A

Snails, slugs,cephalopods, and bivalve

80
Q

nematode

A

act as parasites on other insects.Release bacteria into host body to kill them

81
Q

vertebrate

A

Are deuterostomes with a bony cranium and typically a vertebral column, enabling them to become ecologically important in the water and on land

82
Q

tetrapod

A

evolved to move across landscape on four legs and able to breathe air

Bio 181 (2 decks)

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