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Prokaryotes Flashcards

1
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Binary fission, recycle nutrients by decomposing dead organisms and allowing their nutrients to be reused. Single celled and has no nucleus or speciallized organelles

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2
Q

Bacteria

A

Traits:Unicellular, Small cell size, No nucleus,circular DNA, reproduce through cell division

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3
Q

Archaea Traits

A

-DNA replication
- no membrane bounded nucleus
-genes arrayed along a circular chromosome,
-limited by diffusion
-genetic diversity is prompted by horizontal gene transfer
-major groups:DPANN,TACK, and Euryarchaeota
-only grow in high temperatures

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4
Q

Stromatolites

A

First cells,pump oxygen into oceans, lead to evolution of multicellular life

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5
Q

First fossil life on earth

A

developed from protocells

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6
Q

plasmids

A

Allows exchange of plasmids
Some bacteria carry smaller circles of DNA

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7
Q

chemoautotrophs

A

use..
-inorganic compounds as a source of carbon and energy
-function as primary producers
-synthesize their own organic molecules from the fixation of carbon dioxide
-produce their own food, or energy

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8
Q

horizontal gene transfer

A

-Conjugation (cell to cell contact;exchange of plasmids)
-Transduction (by viruses;DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another by a virus)
-Transformation(from environment;incorporated and contains DNA from dead donor cell)

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9
Q

nitrogen fixation

A

reduce nitrogen gas to ammonia which is then absorbed by organisms

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10
Q

endospores

A

-Develop a thick wall,environmental stress,increase survival, germinate when conditions improve, tetanus, botulism and anthrax

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11
Q

antibiotic resistance

A

-Growing problem, improper prescription of antibiotic, widespread use in agriculture, conjunction and transformation. Can multiply and cause issues

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12
Q

Eukaryotes

A

-ability to maintain different environments inside a single -cell allows eukaryotic cells to carry out complex metabolic reactions that prokaryotes cannot (ions and organic molecules that enter them to quickly spread to other parts of the cell)
-presence of cytoskeleton(maintain shape and internal organization
compartmentalization(nucleus and organelles)
-possibilities for movement and feeding

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13
Q

sexual reproduction

A

-promotes genetic diversity in eukaryotic populations
-Haploid phase: Asexual reproduction away from 2n
-Diploid Phase: with 2n(diploid chromosome organism)(diploid:2 chromosomes in organisms cell)

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14
Q

organelles

A

Evolved via endosymbiosis between an ancestral eukaryote and bacterial cell(mitochondria and chloroplasts
-subcellular structure that has one or more specific jobs to perform in the cell

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15
Q

flagellum-slender

A

help an organism in movement
- like a propeller

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16
Q

mitochondria

A

power house of a cell
generates chemical energy needed to power the cells biochemical reactions and digests nutrients

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17
Q

endosymbiosis

A

provides energy or nutrition for the host
-one organism lives inside the other

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18
Q

opisthokonts

A

Most diverse eukaryotic. Include animals, fungi and choanoflagellates(unicellular comprising of marine and freshwater species)

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19
Q

amoebozoans

A

produce multicellular structures by the aggregation of amoeba-like cells,include organisms that cause human disease

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20
Q

algae(s)

A

Archaeplastida. removes oil and expels much drier biomass, photosynthetic protists

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21
Q

photoautotroph

A

biosynthesis and respiration. transforms solar source into chemical energy in food that powers life

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22
Q

Multicellularity

A

Cells living together. Can increase in size without limitations, avoid predation, maintain position. More than one cell performing differing functions
Requires: cell adhesion, communication, differentiation, transportation of nutrients

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23
Q

Cambrian explosion

A

radiation of complex life (multicellularity)

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24
Q

diffusion

A

movement of molecules from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration

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25
vascular tissues
transports water (or sugar downwards)and nutrients upward from the soil to leaves where photosynthesis takes place
26
cell walls
provides tensile strength and protection against mechanical and osmotic stress( protection for the cell)
27
Gap junction
allows cells to communicate with each other in a targeted fashion. Permit cell to cell transfer of ions and small molecules
28
plasmodesmata
-Intercellular connections lined by extensions of the cell membrane. -trafficking of molecules between cells and important to plat development
29
oxygen circulation
carries oxygen to cell
30
Plant Diversity
balances ecosystems,protects watersheds,mitigates erosion, moderates climate, and provides shelter to animals
31
Green Algae
food source, antibiotics,antoixidants, etc
32
bryophytes
balance CO2 gain and water loss, photosynthesizing in and tolerating desiccation
33
xylem
transports water and dissolved nutrients from the soil, hydrating the leaves
34
Phloem
Phloem transports carbohydrates throughout the plant for use in growth and respirations. Aids in forming multicells
35
vascular plants
maintain the hydration of their photosynthesis cells with water pulled from the soil. Prude for: roots,stems,leaves and reproductive organs
36
tracheophytes
conduct water vertically and permit significant upward growth
37
gymnosperms
produce seeds without fruits and can be used as food
38
angiosperms
produce flowers and fruits that increase efficiency of pollination and seed dispersal and provide resources for seeds after fertilization
39
cuticle
outermost layer, protects against drought,extreme temps, UV radiation, chemical attack,mechanical injuries and pathogen/pest infection.
40
stomata
regulates gas exchange between the plant and environment and control of water loss.
41
monocot
single cotyledon pr embryonic seed leaf and don't form vascular cambium
42
eudicot
2 cotyledon, or embryonic seed seed and don't form a vascular cambium
43
Fungi
transform nutrients for plants. Some are decomposers.
44
hyphae
multicellular fragments, form a network called a mycelium. relied upon to find food and absorb nutrients. Some fungi(yeasts) cannot produce hyphae
45
mycelium
a network/transport to pass nutrients along fungal body
46
spores
Fungi reproduce sexually and asexually and disperse spores.Allow reproduction
47
heterokaryotic
a stage between cell fusion and nuclear fusion. Distinct haploid nuclei . Produce cells that contain two haploid nuclei, one from each parent decomposer
48
septum
Cell wall strengthening. Allow ribsomes,mitochondria, and somtimes nuclei to flow among cells.
49
lichen
-Stable associations between a fungus and photosynthetic microorganisms -function and even reproduce a single organism. -Produce structure for algae to live in
50
mycorrhizae
helps plant obtain additional moisture and nutrients and protection against disease
51
chytrid
A fungi that reside in aquatic or moist habitats and lack well defined hyphae
52
basidiomycete
form septa along their hyphae, Produce cells that contain two haploid nuclei, one from each parent. Cause destructive diseases in crops(wheat,oats,etc)
53
ascomycete
wood rotting fungi, ectomycorrhizal species .Decomposers of organic material, dead leaves and animals
54
zygomycete
produce hyphae without septa. Germinate and start growth period
55
yeast
do not produce hyphae. Cause fermentation and leavening
56
pathogens
Brings disease to its hosts
57
Animal Diversity
provides a boost to the ecosystems productivity
58
heterotroph
form a blastula and a gastrula during development / for energy and nutrients
59
porifera
filter the surrounding water and cycle nutrients
60
gastrulation
Results in a hollow ball one cell thick with an indent (2nd development pattern)
61
diploblastic vs triploblastic
-dip(2 cell layers:Ectoderm and Endoderm) -Tri(3 cell layers: Ecto,endo,mesoderm)
62
protostome
Develops into the mouth first: space for internal organs to grow and develop independently
63
Deuterostome
Develops into the anus, the mouth develops later
64
blastopore
The opening of the central cavity of an embryo in the early stage development/ organizes and defines the germ layers
65
radial vs spiral cleavage
radial: daughter cells are located exactly on top of one another) Spiral(opposite of radial)
66
acoelomate vs coelomate
-Coe-have a fluid-filled cavity between gut well and the outer body wall.) -Aceo(opposite of coe)
67
bilateral vs radial symmetry
-Bila-movement and cephalization, perfectly match) -Radial(opposite)
68
cephalization
Help the organism search for food sources more quickly
69
segmentation
facilitates specialization of body regions. (alter body shape and control and protect sensitive organs from damage
70
choanoflagellate
capture bacteria by apical flagellum. Feed on bacteria and link otherwise inaccessible forms of carbon to organisms
71
collar composed
collect bacteria and filter for ingestion
72
cnidaria
form multiple tissues,differentiate nerve and muscle cells and feel as predator by means of specialized stinging cells
73
lophotrochozoan
consist of 17 phyla, including annelid worms and mollusks
74
ecdysozoan
include several phyla, notably nematodes and arthropods, that molt their cuticles
75
echinoderm
Have five fold symmetry superimposed by their basic bilateral body plan
76
arthropod
4 main groups;insects,chelicerates,myriapods and crustaceans
77
chordate
include vertebrates
78
annelid
earthworms and leeches but most live in the oceans
79
mollusk
Snails, slugs,cephalopods, and bivalve
80
nematode
act as parasites on other insects.Release bacteria into host body to kill them
81
vertebrate
Are deuterostomes with a bony cranium and typically a vertebral column, enabling them to become ecologically important in the water and on land
82
tetrapod
evolved to move across landscape on four legs and able to breathe air

Bio 181 (2 decks)

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