Project Management: Procedure and Process Models, etc Flashcards
What is the difference between a process model and a procedure model?
A process model is the procedure model + organisational structure (documentation, etc)
What are the procedure models?
waterfall, spiral
What are the process models?
phase model, V-modell XT, agile (extreme programming, scrum)
Describe the waterfall model?
Software development is seen as a sequence of activities coupled by (partial) results (documents). These activities can be conducted concurrently or iteratively. Sequence: analyse, specify, design, code, test, install, maintain.
Define risk
a problem, which did not occur yet, but on occurrence threatens important
project goals or results. Whether it will occur, cannot be surely predicted. Equation: risk value = prob of risk * cost if occurs
Describe the Spiral Model procedure
Idea: do not plan everything ahead, go step-by-step. Repeat until end of project:
- determine set R of risks (if R is empty, project is done)
- assign each risk r, a risk value v(r)
- for the risk r with the highest risk value, find a way to eliminate this risk (if not possible, stop with project failure)
What are the advantages of the spiral model?
know early if the project goal is unreachable, know that biggest risks are always eliminated
What are the four parts of the spiral model diagram?
upper left: investigate goals/alternatives/side conditions,
upper right: conduct risk analysis,
lower right: develop and test next product part,
lower left: plan next phase
What is the difference between linear and non-linear procedure models?
linear = waterfall model (no feedback), non-linear = everything else
What are the different classifications by treatment of software artefacts?
prototyping, evolutionary, iterative, incremental, staircase (piped incremental)
Describe prototyping treatment of software artefacts
create “early release/version” of software to test and develop requirements for actual software based on this
Describe evolutionary treatment of software artefacts
Linear set of iterations which produce the software after last iteration (or return to requirements). Each iteration includes field testing, after which the next iteration is planned.
Describe iterative treatment of software artefacts
Plan out each iteration (specifications for each iteration) at the beginning. Then conduct each iteration in order. Each iteration includes analyse, design, code, test.
Describe incremental treatment of software artefacts
The total extension of a system under development remains
open; it is realised in stages of expansion. The first stage is the core system. Each expansion of features is a separate project which produces a software product.
Describe staircase treatment of software artefacts
pipelined incremental
List examples of what a process model may include
procedure model, responsibilities, roles, structure of documents, methods to be used to get requirements, tools to be used, notations
Definition of a procedure model
steps to be conducted during development,
their sequential arrangement,
their dependencies
When is a process model too light?
if it doesn’t support you in doing things which are useful and necessary for your project
When is a process model too heavy?
if it forces you to do things which are neither necessary nor useful for your project
What is the phase model?
The project is planned by phases,
delimited by well-defined milestones. Used for small projects (few software people, small product size)
What are the steps of the V-Modell?
Layers (arrow means verification and validation):
- requirements fixed acceptance
- system specified system delivered
- architecture designed system integrated
- modules designed system realized
What are the project types of the V-Modell?
AG: project from perspective of customer
AN: project from perspective of developer
AG/AN: customer/developer from same organisation
PM: introduction/improvement of a process model
Which three strategies does the V-Modell support?
- incremental (one trace through the V is one increment)
- component-based (loop through upper part of V until all components of system are created)
- prototypical (zigzag down the V fully developing an early release )
What are the advantages and disadvantages of the V-Modell?
Advantages: includes management activities, generic with support for tailoring, comprehensive so low risk of forgetting anything
Disadvantages: too comprehensive, too many useless documents
