Project Cost Management

Question 1

AC

Answer 1

Actual Cost. The actual amount of monies the project

has spent to date.

Question 2

Analogous Estimating

Answer 2

An approach that relies on historical information to predict the cost of the current project. Also known as top-down estimating and is the least reliable of all the cost-estimating approaches.

Question 3

Bottom-Up Estimating

Answer 3

An estimating approach that starts from zero, accounts for each component of the WBS, and arrives at a sum for the project. It is completed with the project team and can be one of the most time-consuming yet most reliable methods to predict project costs.

Question 4

Budget Estimate

Answer 4

This estimate is also somewhat broad and is used early in the planning processes and also in top-down
estimates. The range of variance for the estimate can be from –10 percent to +25 percent.

Question 5

Commercial Database

Answer 5

A cost-estimating approach that uses a database, typically software-driven, to create the cost estimate for a project.

Question 6

Contingency Reserve

Answer 6

A contingency allowance to account for overruns in costs. Contingency allowances are used at the project
manager’s discretion and with management’s approval to counteract cost overruns for scheduled activities and
risk events.

Question 7

Cost Aggregation

Answer 7

Costs are parallel to each WBS work package. The costs of each work package are aggregated to their
corresponding control accounts. Each control account then is aggregated to the sum of the project costs.

Question 8

Cost Baseline

Answer 8

A time-lapse exposure of when the project monies are to be spent in relation to cumulative values of the work
completed in the project.

Question 9

Cost Budgeting

Answer 9

The cost aggregation achieved by assigning specific dollar amounts for each of the scheduled activities or for each of the work packages in the WBS. Cost budgeting applies the cost estimates over time.

Question 10

Cost Change Control System

Answer 10

A system that examines any changes associated with scope changes, the cost of materials and the cost of any other resources, and the associated impact on
the overall project cost.

Question 11

Cost Management Plan

Answer 11

Dictates how cost variances will be managed.

Question 12

Cost of Poor Quality

Answer 12

The monies spent to recover from not adhering to the expected level of quality (e.g. rework, defect repair, loss of life or limb because safety precautions were not taken, loss of sales, and loss of customers). Also known
as the cost of nonconformance to quality.

Question 13

Cost of Quality

Answer 13

The monies spent to attain the expected level of quality within a project (e.g. training, testing, and safety precautions).

Question 14

CPI

Answer 14

Cost Performance Index. Measures the project based on its financial performance.

CPI = EV/AC

Question 15

CV

Answer 15

Cost Variance. The difference of the earned value
amount and the cumulative actual costs of the project.

CV = EV – AC

Question 16

Definitive Estimate

Answer 16

This estimate type is one of the most accurate. It’s used late in the planning processes and is associated with bottom-up estimating. You need the WBS in order to create the definitive estimate. The range of variance for the estimate can be from –5 percent to +10 percent.

Question 17

Direct Costs

Answer 17

Costs are attributed directly to the project work and cannot be shared among projects (e.g. airfare, hotels,
long-distance phone charges).

Question 18

EV

Answer 18

Earned Value. The physical work completed to date and the authorized budget for that work. It is the percentage
of the BAC that represents the actual work completed in the project.

Question 19

EAC

Answer 19

Estimate at Completion. These forecasting formulas predict the likely completed costs of the project based on current scenarios within the project.

Question 20

Fixed Costs

Answer 20

Costs that remain constant throughout the life of the project (e.g. the cost of a piece of rented equipment for the project, the cost of a consultant brought on to the
project).

Question 21

ETC

Answer 21

Estimate to Complete. An earned value management formula that predicts how much funding the project will require to be completed. Three variations of this formula are based on conditions the project may be
experiencing.

Question 22

Funding Limit Reconciliation

Answer 22

An organization’s approach to managing cash flow against the project deliverables based on a schedule, milestone accomplishment, or data constraints.

Question 23

Indirect Costs

Answer 23

Costs that are representative of more than one project (e.g. utilities for the performing organization, access to a training room, project management software license).

Question 24

Known Unknown

Answer 24

An event that will likely happen within the project, but when it will happen and to what degree is unknown. These events, such as delays, are usually risk-related.

Question 25

Learning Curve

Answer 25

An approach that assumes the cost per unit decreases the more units workers complete, because workers learn as they complete the required work.

Question 26

Oligopoly

Answer 26

A market condition where the market is so tight that the actions of one vendor affect the actions of all the others.

Question 27

Opportunity Cost

Answer 27

The total cost of the opportunity that is refused to realize an opposing opportunity.

Question 28

Parametric Estimating

Answer 28

An approach using a parametric model to extrapolate what costs will be needed for a project (e.g. cost per hour and cost per unit). It can include variables and points based on conditions.

Question 29

PV

Answer 29

Planned Value. The work scheduled and the budget authorized to accomplish that work. It is the percentage of the BAC that reflects where the project should be at this point in time.

Question 30

Project Variance

Answer 30

The final variance, which is discovered only at the project’s completion.

VAR = BAC – AC

Question 31

Regression Analysis

Answer 31

A statistical approach to predicting what future values may be based on historical values. Regression analysis
creates quantitative predictions based on variables within one value to predict variables in another. This form of estimating relies solely on pure statistical
math to reveal relationships between variables and to predict future values.

Question 32

Reserve Analysis

Answer 32

Cost reserves are for unknown unknowns within a project. The management reserve is not part of the project cost baseline, but is included as part of the
project budget.

Question 33

Rough Order of Magnitude

Answer 33

This rough estimate is used during the initiating processes and in top-down estimates. The range of variance for the estimate can be from –25 percent to +75 percent.

Question 34

SPI

Answer 34

Schedule Performance Index. Measures the project based on its schedule performance.

SPI = EV/PV

Question 35

SV

Answer 35

Schedule Variance. The difference between the earned value and the planned value.

SV = EV – PV

Question 36

Single Source

Answer 36

Many vendors can provide what your project needs to purchase, but you prefer to work with a specific vendor.

Question 37

Sole Source

Answer 37

Only one vendor can provide what your project needs to purchase (e.g. a specific consultant, specialized
service, or unique type of material).

Question 38

Sunk Costs

Answer 38

Monies that have already been invested in a project.

Question 39

TCPI

Answer 39

To-Complete Performance Index. A formula to forecast the likelihood of a project to achieve its goals based on
what’s happening in the project right now. There are two different flavors for the TCPI, depending on what you want to accomplish.

If you want to see if your project can meet the budget at completion, you’ll use this formula:

TCPI = (BAC – EV)/(BAC – AC)

If you want to see if your project can meet the newly
created estimate at completion, you’ll use this formula:

TCPI = (BAC – EV)/(EAC – AC)

Question 40

Variable Costs

Answer 40

Costs that change based on the conditions applied in the project (e.g. the number of meeting participants, the
supply of and demand for materials).

Question 41

Variance

Answer 41

The difference between what was expected and what was experienced.

Question 42

VAC

Answer 42

Variance at Completion. A forecasting formula that predicts how much of a variance the project will likely
have based on current conditions within the project.

VAC = BAC – EAC