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Programming week1 > Progweek1 > Flashcards

Progweek1 Flashcards

1
Q

Unix was born in _

A

1973

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2
Q

Unix provides a _ between the _ and the _.

A

simple-to-use and powerful interface

user (the programmer)

hardware (the computer)

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3
Q

Unix was based on simple ideas:
1
2
3
4

A
  1. simple interface
  2. simple instructions that can be combined
  3. hierarchical file system
  4. independent from specific computer architectures
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4
Q

Since its development, Unix served as a _

A

base to develop operating systems

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5
Q

structure of systems developed by Unix:
⥐⥐⥐
1 ⇋ 2 ⇋ 3 ⇋ 4

A

1: user
2: shell
3: kernel
4: Hardware
2&&4: OS

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6
Q

The Unix shell is _.
It allows _.

A

an interface between the user and the operating system.

to run system commands.

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7
Q

why a shell?

A
  • powerful: Allows to solve
    many simple problems in a few
    lines.
  • Fast && flexible: offers
    a scripting language which
    often results in faster solutions
    to problems.
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8
Q

syntax of commands

A

<options><parameters>
</parameters></options>

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9
Q

what is the command to list ll the file and directories in my desktop

A

l s −a

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10
Q

command that shows you the manual of the
specific command

+give eg

A

man

eg: man ls)

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11
Q

To work with objects in the file system we use their paths. There are two
ways of expressing the path of a file:

A
  1. Absolute: Starting from the root, e.g.: /Users/Lorenzo/Desktop
  2. Relative: Starting from the current
    position in the file system,
    e.g.: ./Lorenzo/Desktop
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12
Q

“..”
meaning on the shell?

A

“the parent directory”

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13
Q

“.” meaning on the shell?

A

“this directory”

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14
Q

def of Files:

A

A sequence of bytes.

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15
Q

def of Path: (+eg)

A

The position in the file
system,e.g., /Users/Lorenzo/Desktop

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16
Q

def of Permission:

A

What can a user do with
the file read/write/execute for the owner,
owner group, everyone

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17
Q

hox to see permission on the shell?

A

use option ls -l

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18
Q

def of Directories:

A

A file that indexes other
files.

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19
Q

main ingredients of the file system:

A
  • files
    • path
    • permission
    • owner
    • dimension
    • last modified
  • directories
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20
Q

list the files in dir

A

ls dir

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21
Q

count words in file

A

wc file

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22
Q

count characters in file

A

mc file

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23
Q

count lines in file

A

lc file

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24
Q

look for all the lines in the file that match the expression

A

grep expression file

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25
Q

redirects the output of the command to a file

A

command > file

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26
Q

edirects the output of the command to a file with append

A

command&raquo_space; file

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27
Q

use the ouput of command1 as input of command2

A

command1 | command2

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28
Q

command1 is executed successfully
executes command2

A

command1 && command2

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29
Q

Vim is a _ yet quite _ file _.

A

minimal

powerful

file editor

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30
Q

In a few words, C is:

A
  • Imperative
  • Typed
  • Low level
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31
Q

pros of C

A
  • Efficient (you have full control
    on use of resources)
  • Fast (you can usually
    implement very fast programs,
    e.g., using bit manipulation)
  • Good if you want to implement
    low level applications
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32
Q

cons of C

A

Limited degree of abstraction

Limited run time support

Limited portability

Low level of security

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33
Q

what is “int main()” ?

A

declares a function which is called “main” and returns an
integer.

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34
Q

def of Interpreter:

A

Program that executes code written in the high-level language. This is the typical approach of functional and scripting languages, standard in Python.

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35
Q

def of compiler

A

The compiler translates the code to the target language
producing an executable file. This is the standard approach in most
imperative languages, standard in C.

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36
Q

C programs are complied:

hello.c → 1 → 2 → 3 ⇒ 4

A
  1. preprocessor
  2. compiler
  3. linker
  4. executable code
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37
Q

Preprocessing:

A

takes care of lines that start with “#”

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38
Q

Compiling:

A

takes the code obtained from the preprocessor and
produces code that can be executed by the hardware

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39
Q

Linking:

A

links the object file to external libraries

40
Q

This is how you should compile your programs:

A

gcc -Wall -pedantic -g -o helloworld helloworld.c

41
Q

When you want to learn a new language there are a few things you need
to check:

A

The paradigm: Imperative, functional, logic, etc.

The type system: Typed/Untyped, explicit/inferred, type operators,
etc.

the basic syntax

scope of names

parameter passing

memory management

42
Q

def of commands

give eg

A

roughly, a command is a piece of code that changes the
memory (i.e., in general commands do not return values). The main
example is assignment which assigns a value to a variable (i.e.,
essentially a piece of memory with a name).

43
Q

def of expressions

give eg

A

expressions are roughly pieces of code that can be
evaluated to obtain a value, e.g., 3 + 2, x + y , sin(3) are all
expressions.

44
Q

Programming languages can be roughly divided as follows:

A

imperative

functional

logic

object-oriented

45
Q

def of imperative:

give eg

A

Programs have a state (snapshot of memory, instruction
counter, etc.) and consists of a sequence of commands (Examples: C,
Pascal, etc).

46
Q

def of functional

give eg

A

A program consists of function declarations and compositions.
Problems are solved in a way that is closer to how we think in mathematics.
(Examples: Racket, ML, Haskell, etc)

47
Q

def of logic

give eg

A

A program consists of a collection of logical clauses which describe
properties of the problem and of the solution. The execution of the program
finds a solution matching the requirements. (Examples: Prolog, ASP, etc) .

48
Q

def of object oriented

give eg

A

This programming approach uses “objects” which contain data and operations. It’s often combined with other programming styles. Examples of OOP languages are C++, Python, Java, and Ocaml.

49
Q

very program has the
following structure:

1
2
3

A
  1. preprocessor directives
  2. global declaration
  3. function implementation
50
Q

To work with data in our programme we use two basic constructs:

A
  1. variables
  2. constants
51
Q

def of variables

A

a piece of memory with a name (called identifier) whose
size depend on the type of the content and whose content can change
during the execution of the program.

52
Q

def of constants:

A

a piece of memory with a name whose size depend on the
type of the content and whose content cannot be changed during the execution of the program.

53
Q

def declaration:

A

we specify the name and type of the variable (memory is
allocated).

54
Q

def initialization:

A

we assign a value to a variable for the first time.

55
Q

A data type is:

A
  • a collection of objects ({. . . , 1, 0, 1, 2, . . .} for int)
  • a collection of operations (+, ⇤, , / etc. for int.)
56
Q

Primitive types:

A

these are the types that are available to the
programmer as building blocks of their program.

57
Q

Type constructors:

A

these are ways of defining new types.

58
Q

C is a _ programming language. This mean that variables, constant,
and expressions will contain/express only data of _.

A

typed

a specific type

59
Q

Types in
C must be mentioned _

A

explicitly

60
Q

include <stdio.h> ?</stdio.h>

A

includes the standard input-output library functions in a C program, such as printf and scanf.

61
Q

& in scanf(%d, &i):

A

is used to tell scanf the location (address) in memory where it should store the integer that it reads from the user input.

62
Q

Variables of type char are of _ byte(s) (_ bits) and can therefore
represent _ = _ characters.

A

one

8

2^8

256

63
Q

To check the size that a variable of a certain type occupies you can
use the function __ which returns the dimension in bytes
of the given type.

A

sizeof(type)

64
Q

The types float and double are used to represent __.

A

real numbers

65
Q

All floating types are _numbers

can you use the unsigned modifier?

A

signed

no

66
Q

Float are usually _ bytes long and double _ bytes long.

A

4

8

67
Q

The operator % is the modulo operator,.e.g,. 3%2 is 1. This operator
cannot be used with __.

A

double and float

68
Q

property of types:

  • → - → - →- → -→ _
A

char → int → long → float→double → long double

69
Q

how to do 2^5

A

pow(2,5)

70
Q

how to do |-5|

A

fabs(-5)

71
Q

False is represented by _

A

0

72
Q

True is represented by any value _

A

bigger than 0

73
Q

The most immediate application of boolean expressions are __

A

conditional statement

74
Q

Statements in a program are executed one after each other; this is know as _

A

sequential flow control.

75
Q

In C, a loop consists of two parts: the _ and the _

A

body

control statement

76
Q

A control statement :

A

indicates the condition(s) driving the loop by
executing the body until the condition or conditions become False.

77
Q

In C, the looping statements are classified into two types:

A

Entry controlled loop

Exit controlled loop

78
Q

Entry controlled loop:

A

the condition is checked before execution of the body.

79
Q

Exit controlled loop:

A

the condition is checked after execution of the body.

80
Q

while-loops, entry- or exit controlled?

A

entry

81
Q

for loops, entry- or exit controlled?

A

entry

82
Q

do-while loops, entry- or exit controlled?

A

exit

83
Q

if, if-else, and switch are _

A

conditional statements

84
Q

As you already have experience, if we are not careful we can end up in a case in which the expression will never become zero. This will lead to an _ , and we will be stuck forever!

A

infinite loop

85
Q

The condition in for loops is _ ; if it is nonzero (True),
control passes back to the beginning of the loop, and it stops
when False is returned.

A

a logical expression

86
Q

f o r ( 1; 2; 3) {
4 ;
}

A
  1. initialization
  2. condition
    3.update
  3. statements
87
Q

what does the do-while loop tests?

A

It tests the termination condition after each pass through the loop
body. The body is executed at least once!

88
Q

the break statement is a special command that _ _. It stops
__ a loop

A

interrupts the flow of control

prematurely

89
Q

the switch statement:

A

It is a way to generalize the conditional (if-else) statements. It compares constants.

90
Q

def of function:

A

is a block of code -or collection of statements- that runs when
is invoked. We can pass data (parameters) into a function.

91
Q

In C, the main() function is __. It is user-defined and mandatory!

A

”the entry point of a program where the execution starts”

92
Q

the main function is called by the _, not the _

A

OS

user

93
Q

i n c l u d e <s t d i o . h>
i n t a = 3 3 ;
i n t main ( ) {
i n t b = 7 7 ;
p r i n t f ( ” a = %d\n” , a ) ;
p r i n t f ( ”b = %d\n” , b ) ;
r e t u r n 0 ;
}

what is the global and the local variable?

A

local: b

global: a

94
Q

Local variables :

A

are declared in the body of a function

95
Q

Global variables :

A

are declared outside of any function, and are available
for any routine in the program

96
Q

unction prototype:

A

t y p e f u n c t i o N a m e ( p a r a m e t e r s ) ;

Programming week1 (4 decks)

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