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Progress Test Flashcards

1
Q

How often should AEC sensitivity test be done

A

1-3
Months

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2
Q

Non medical
Exposure

A

IR imaging but does not benefit their health ie research or law enforcement

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3
Q

Inverse square law

A

Doubling the SID requires 4 fold increase in mAS

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4
Q

Grid cut off

A

Unwanted absorption of X-rays via a grid when a grid is employed incorrectly

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5
Q

Compton scatter

A

Interaction of xray photo with outer shell electron and can scatter in any direction

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6
Q

Photoelectric effect

A

During collision photon gives all its energy

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7
Q

Characteristic

A

Electrons move from lower shell to higher shell, energy relased as xray photon

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8
Q

Bremsstralung

A

Breaking radiation, radiation given off by free electrons that are deflected. Energy of photos hitting anode is xray photons

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9
Q

Planks constant

A

Smallest amount of energy needed for action

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10
Q

Fluoro- digital zoom

A

Post processing , doesn’t change dose

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11
Q

Magnification

A

Electronically by focusing electron beam, increased dose and skin dose when magnification used

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12
Q

Intrinsic resolution

A

Limit of spatial resolution achievable by the detector - limited by pixel size

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13
Q

Focused grid

A

For certain SIDs

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14
Q

Linear grid

A

All lead strips alligned in a tilted fashion toward a centre point

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15
Q

Grid ratio

A

Height of lead strips in grid and space between them

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16
Q

Vignetting

A

Effect causes by light scatter within active image area and describes when the increased intensity of uniformly exposed image relative to periphery - image intensifiers susceptible to vignetting

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17
Q

Generator

A

Amplified voltage step up transformer converts AC to DC

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18
Q

Creep

A

Gradual increase in exposure to perceived advantages of overexposing

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19
Q

Spatial resolution

A

How many pixels comprise the digital
Image

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20
Q

Why is there a compromise between spatial resolution and signal to noise ratio?

A

Spatial
Resolution increases wigh pixel density and smaller pixels collect less protons thus decreasing signal to noise ratio

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21
Q

How much data space is saved by compressing a 12 bit image to 8 bit image

A

16th of 12 but image

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22
Q

If image is obtained using 8
Bit analogue to digital converter how many grey scales will appear in the image?

A

256 (2 to power of 8)

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23
Q

Cones in retina

A

Adjus to wavelengths of light, adjust to brightness so softer light is easier to see greyscales

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24
Q

Torus fracture aka buckle

A

Mostly caused by FOOSH, causes one side of bone to bend and form a ‘lump’

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25
Q

Salter Harris fracture

A

Involves growth plate, measured in 1-5 scale

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26
Q

Pneumonia

A

Infection of air sacs of lung- cough, plelgm, fever, chills and difficulty breathing

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27
Q

Spina bfida

A

When baby’s brain abs spinal cord does
Not develop properly in the womb causing a gap in the spine

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28
Q

Emphysema

A

Lung disease which results in shortness of breath due to destruction and dilation of the alveoli

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29
Q

Ligament

A

Bone to bone

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30
Q

Tendon

A

Muscle to bone

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31
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Absorbs old bone

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32
Q

Osteoblasts

A

New one to replace
Old

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33
Q

Fibrous joint

A

Static- skull

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34
Q

Cartilaginous

A

Semi moveable - spine,

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35
Q

Synovial

A

Freely moveable - hip (ball and socket, hinge, pivot, saddle, condoled, gliding/plane)

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36
Q

Synovial membrane

A

Fibrous capsule around the joint- provides lubrication, absorption and nutrient distribution

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37
Q

Low concentration to high concentration

A

Active transport

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38
Q

Automatic centre th at controls BP, HR and digestion

A

Medulla oblangata

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39
Q

Hormones

A

Chemical messengers that are released in one tissue and transported in the bloodstream to other specific tissues

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40
Q

Benign tumour

A

Fibroma

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41
Q

Rare cancer that grows in connective tissue I.e bones, muscles, tendons

A

Sarcoma

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42
Q

Hypoplasia

A

Arrested development in which organ remains in immature state

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43
Q

Idiopathic

A

Disease of unknown cause

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44
Q

Hyper tension

A

High BP I.e 150/100mmHg

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45
Q

Hypotension

A

Low BP I.e 90/60mmHg

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46
Q

Osmolality

A

Measure of how one substance has dissolved in another

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47
Q

What has highest osmolality?

A

Ionic dimer

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48
Q

Why glucagon rather than buscopan?

A

Patients with glaucoma (pressure in eye) as buscopan can cause blurring of vision

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49
Q

Fractionation

A

How many sessions

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50
Q

Protraction

A

Over how long/time

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51
Q

Scientific notation

A

How many places decimal
Point has moved

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52
Q

Electrostatic charge of an electron

A

1.6 x 10-19

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53
Q

Excitation

A

Electron from atom or molecule raised to higher energy level but not ejected

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54
Q

Mode, mean, median

A

Mode- most common
Mean- average (add together and divide by number there is)
Median- put numbers in order and middle digit is median

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55
Q

Range

A

Difference between lowest and highest

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56
Q

Radio sensitivity

A

Highest as fetus, deceased as get older then increases in old age

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57
Q

Radiosensitivity, physical factors

A

Linear energy transfer (LET), relative biological effectiveness (RBE), protraction and fractionation

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58
Q

Detective quantum efficiency (DQE)

A

Efficiency of a system converting incident xray energy into image signal

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59
Q

Exposure index

A

Amount of radiation incident on receptor

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60
Q

Ultrasound

A

Bean is reflected from surface between 2 media that have difference acoustic impedances

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61
Q

Ultrasound frequencies

A

2-15 MHz

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62
Q

Ultrasound QA

A

Transducer drop out tests

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63
Q

MRI AI machine learning

A

Can be used to automatically pan sequences, increasing reproducibility and reducing positioning errors

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64
Q

MRI synthetic sequences

A

Where single acquisition is undertaken and reconstructed to yield multiple tissue weightings thereby saving scanning time and being particular use for paediatric and distressed patients

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65
Q

Atomic number of barium

A

56

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66
Q

Atomic number of fat tissue

A

6.3

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67
Q

Atomic number of lung and muscle

A

7.4

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68
Q

Atomic number of bone

A

13.8

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69
Q

Function of photocathode in fluoro tube design

A

Photocathode releases electrons in direct proportion to the visible light from the input phosphor that is incident on its surface

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70
Q

optimal features of flat panel
Detectors in production of low dose images during fluoro examinations

A

Inherent electronic noise of the detector must be extremely low and the required dynamic range is high

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71
Q

What describes what occurs when water is irradiated with ionising radiation which can then lead to molecular damage

A

Water dissociated into two ion pairs HOH- and HOH+ which dissociate further to produce free radicals of hydrogen and hydroxyl

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72
Q

Major blood vessel that provided approx 75% of blood to the liver

A

Hepatic portal vein

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73
Q

Osteocytes

A

Derived from osteoblasts, lies within formed bone

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74
Q

External respiration

A

Gas exchange in the lungs

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75
Q

C-spine fractures

A

Hangman’s, axial loading, hyprerextension, rotation, peg, hyper flexion

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76
Q

Shoulder fractures

A

Banker fracture, hill sachs (when shoulder is dislocated anteriorly)

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77
Q

Non ossifying fibroma

A

Benign, non aggressive tumour that consists mainly of fibrous tissue, usually occurs in flared end of lower femur or tibia, no symptoms and usually resolved by itself

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78
Q

Nephrotic systemic fibrosis

A

Rare disease that occurs mainly in people with advanced kidney failure with or without dialysis

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79
Q

Suspected allergic reaction to contrast media

A

Trained person can administer adrenaline- 1:1000, 0.5 ml intramuscularly

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80
Q

Linear chelates

A

Any of a class of coordination or complex compounds consisting of a central metal atom attached to a large molecule, called a ligand in a cyclic or ring structure

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81
Q

Box and whisker plot- what if one of the whiskers is long?

A

Data has a large variance in one direction only

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82
Q

Probability distribution

A

Function which represents the probabilities of all possible values in the experiment

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83
Q

Poison probability distribution

A

Had a variance which is not uniform in different directions

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84
Q

Photon flux graph

A

Measurement of total number of photons coming out of light source per second

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85
Q

Role of glass envelope in xray tube

A

Provide a vacuum

86
Q

Which vessel supplies myocardial tissue

A

Coronary arteries

87
Q

Hormones related to menstrual cycle

A

Luteinizing, follicle stimulating, strongman and progesterone

88
Q

Which mechanism helps regulate endocrine system

A

Hypothalamus

89
Q

Normal acidity of blood

A

7.35-7.45

90
Q

When there is an increase in BP what does hypothalamus release?

A

Angiotensin II?

91
Q

What nerves are responsible for taste?

A

Cranial nerve, facial nerve

92
Q

Mesothelioma

A

Cancer of mesothelioma tissue associated with exposure to asbestos

93
Q

Intraaericular fracture

A

Fracture that crosses joint surface

94
Q

Comminuted fracture

A

Broken bones fractured into more than. 3 separate pieces

95
Q

Greenstock

A

Fracture of one side of the bone only

96
Q

Air kerma

A

Amount of energy that a photon has when it hits something can be described as air kerma

97
Q

Atomic number of iodine

A

53

98
Q

Viscosity

A

Measure of a fluids resistance to flow

99
Q

MRI linac

A

Combines highly precise imaging and radiotherapy delivery system that allows for real time imaging with soft tissue definiation superior to that of current standard of care systems

100
Q

Volume rendering

A

Type of data visualisation technique which creates a three dimensional representation of data

101
Q

Secondary use data

A

Use of health data in the processing of health data for purposes other than the initial purposes of which the data was collected ie researchers re process clinical and health insurance data to investigate cost effectiveness of a product

102
Q

Two functional
Parts of PNS called

A

Afferent and efferent divisions

103
Q

What type of current is mains electric?

A

AC

104
Q

What is brightness measured in?

A

Lux (lumen cm-2)

105
Q

What is angular frequency measuring.?

A

How fast something is turning

106
Q

Diagnostic energy levels

A

10 4. -10 5.5 Kev

107
Q

High osmolality

A

Gastrograffin

108
Q

4 biological effects of radiation

A

Oxygen effect, age, recovery and chemical agents

109
Q

What does window width adjust?

A

Range of gray scales

110
Q

Window level adjusts

A

Brightness

111
Q

SID used in mammo

A

65cm

112
Q

What is slice width in CT?

A

Area being irradiated

113
Q

What WW and WL is used for lung fields?

A

1500/-600

114
Q

What proportion of Rayleigh scattering happened

A

<5%

115
Q

What does a proton density scan represent?

A

Differing hydrogen activity

116
Q

How is fat signal destroyed?

A

STIR sequence

117
Q

Which gases are in CT detector array?

A

Krypton/xenon

118
Q

How much is the incident electron amplified in a photomultiplier tube?

A

By factor 4 10

119
Q

Difference between monomer and dimer contrast?

A

Number of benzene rings

120
Q

What do you lack in osteogenesis imperfecta?

A

Lack of type I collagen connective tissue

121
Q

Scorpio vision

A

Twilight, black and white

122
Q

Where are the cones in the eye found?

A

At the fovea (central) part of the retina

123
Q

Photo pic vision

A

Daylight, red/blue/green

124
Q

Where does internal respiration happen?

A

Between capillaries and cells

125
Q

What is an anaphylactoid reaction?

A

1st exposure to an allergen

126
Q

Binary numbers

A

0- 0000
1- 0001
2-0010
3-0011

127
Q

Removes salt and pepper noise

A

Median filter

128
Q

Fourier analysis appropriate method to remove

A

Periodic noise

129
Q

Radiolucent

A

Does not block radiation/lets it pass through

130
Q

Radiopaque

A

Radiation cannot pass through

131
Q

Plexus

A

Nerves, lymph vessels and blood vessels

132
Q

Which hormones releases calcium from bone

A

Parathyroid

133
Q

Mediator response to noxious stimulus and triggers pain response

A

Prostaglandin

134
Q

Part of digestion when releasing hydrochloric acids and pepsin release

A

Cephalic

135
Q

Platonic

A

Disease caused by treatment of medical intervention

136
Q

Herniation of cerebellum through foramen magnum

A

Sever headaches, double vision, vomiting and interracial pressure

137
Q

Bronchiectasis

A

Airways of the lungs abnormally widened due to excess mucus which makes lungs susceptible to infection

138
Q

Nerve cell

A

Extension that conveys impulses away from cell body (dendrite)

139
Q

Strongest US reflection

A

Skin and rib

140
Q

Multi slice CT

A

Pitch is the distance travelled by table in one 360 degree gantry rotation divided by beam collimation

141
Q

What does FLAIR mean in MRI

A

Fluid attenuated inversion recovery

142
Q

POM

A

Prescription only medicine

143
Q

Hormones released by the medulla of adrenal gland

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

144
Q

Intussusception

A

Length of intestine which has invaginated into itself

145
Q

Normal variant of shoulder

A

Is acromiale

146
Q

Flail thoracic segment

A

3 or more ribs features in 2 or
More places

147
Q

In a gamma camera which structure converts gamma photons into light photons?

A

Sodium iodide crystals

148
Q

Isotonic contrast agent

A

Same concentration as blood so an excess of water is not drawn out of or into blood cells

149
Q

Contrast k edge

A

K edge is energy used to emit electron from
K shell for iodine and barium in range of 30-40 Kev which contributes to photo electron absorption, makes them
More effective contract agents

150
Q

What is the wavelength of an xray on EM spectrum

A

10-8 to 10-11

151
Q

IR wavelengths on EM spectrum

A

10-7 to 10-18

152
Q

Bremsstrahlung on graph

A

Up then curve and down

153
Q

Characteristic radiation on graphs

A

Short quick curves then another maybe smaller

154
Q

RPS key role

A

Oversee work and make sure local rules being followed

155
Q

Comforter and carer comes under

A

iRMER

156
Q

How to reduce dose to patient and staff in theatre

A

Pulsed beam fluoro, lead protection and distance from patient

157
Q

Non medical referrer definition

A

Nurse or AHP who has extended their role to include radiology, must be registered healthcare professional and undergone specific radiation training inc risk and benefits and be on referrer list

158
Q

Accidental or unintended exposure

A

Accidental - Received in error when no exposure of any kind was intended

Unintended- although exposure of individual was intended, the exposure received was significantly greater or different to that intended

159
Q

RIS

A

Radiology information system

160
Q

Equivalent exposure

A

Use 15% rule??

161
Q

Probability of xray photo interaction with receptor

A

Interaction probability or detection probability
Absorption probability- likelihood xray will be absorbed by detector material

162
Q

Linear attenuation co efficient

A

How strongly photons are attenuated as they pass through detector

163
Q

High dynamic range advantages

A

Capture wide range of xray intensities-
Improved image contrast and detail,
Detection of Subtle fractures,
Reduced needs for repeats, reduces need for higher doses, improved quantification and accuracy

164
Q

How does kV impact image quality?

A

Image contrast- higher can penetrate denser tissues so results in lower contrast
lower kv means higher contrast - when needed fine detail
Penetration and exposure,
Radiation dose - higher kv usually means lower dose as higher energy photons more efficient at penetrating body,
Resolution and noise- high kv more image noise because less photos being absorbed by tissues
Lower kv, less noise as more photos absorbed by body but can result in increased quantum noise
Higher kv- more scatter

165
Q

Where in xray tube does bremsstrahlung and characteristic interactions occur?

A

Anode within target material, tungsten

166
Q

Light beam diaphragm remedial and suspension levels

A

Remedial- +/- 10%
Suspension - +/- 20%

167
Q

What would be the highest resolution of line pairs for best image resolution?

A

Higher the better? Measured in line pairs per mm

168
Q

In which quadrant is the spleen located?

A

Left upper (LUQ)

169
Q

Synovial fluid function

A

Reduce friction during movement

170
Q

Main purpose of DXA LVS scan

A

Detect vertebral fractures

171
Q

If using a grid with grid factor of 2
How does this change the exposure factors?

A

The grid factor indicates how much the exposures need to be increased to
Maintain adequate image reception exposure so if using grid factor 2 would need to double the original exposures

172
Q

Pouch like structure at proximal end of large intestine

A

Cecum

173
Q

Pouch like structure at proximal end of large intestine

A

Cecum

174
Q

Calculating current in amps

A

I = current in amps
V= voltage in volts
R= resistance in ohms

I.e voltage 12v, resistance 6 would be 12/6 = 2 amps

175
Q

Most common symptom of sub arachnoid haemorrhage

A

Thunderclap headache

176
Q

2 hormones that work together to maintain calcium homeostasis

A

Parathyroid and vitamin D

177
Q

Skeletal system minerals

A

Calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D?

178
Q

Where are flat bones located?

A

Skull, face, rib cage, sternum, shoulder (scapular) and pelvis/hip

179
Q

What articular disc Unites the joint?

A

Sternoclavicular joint

180
Q

Description and function of basil
Ganglia

A

Part of complex network involved in controlling motor functions, behaviour and cognition. Influence motor
Pathways by modulating signals travelling between brain and spinal
Cord

181
Q

How body responds to chronic respiratory alkalosis? (Long term decrease in arterial co2

A

Body responds through compensatory mechanisms aimed at restoring acid
Base balance- bicarbonate buffer system, respiratory adaptation, kidneys reduce bicarbonate, secrete fewer H+ ions into urine to retain more acidity in blood which helps to normalize ph over time, decrease in serum HCO3 concentration

182
Q

Whatis the name
When IR causes direct DNA molecular damage?

A

Direct effect?

183
Q

To sharpen and image what filter should be used?

A

Gaussian high pass
Filter??

184
Q

What is a median filter?

A

Used to move noise from images and improve quality

185
Q

What is a
Smooth filter?

A

Most basic of filtering, “low pass” also called blurring or smoothing averages out rapid changes in intensity

186
Q

What is the difference between gradient coils and receive coils in MRI?

A

Gradient is within the machine, and modify the magnetic field for spatial encoding of the MR signal

Receive coils detect and transmit RF signal from the body for image reconstruction - added to the patients depending on where the scan is ie head coil, shoulder coil, body coils etc

187
Q

How many shades of grey can human eye see?

A

30-60 shades without software assistance

188
Q

What is a US focused transducer?

A

Designed to emit US waves that converge at focal point either mechanically or electronically which creates a high energy, concentrated area which enhances resolution or therapeutic effect

189
Q

What kv is
Normally used in mammography ?

A

Between 25-35 kV

190
Q

What would decrease signal to noise ratio?

A

Increase kV
Decrease mA
Increasing distance (SID)

191
Q

What is the purpose of the gamma flood test?

A

To check- uniformity, calibration and performance of the detector field

192
Q

Why does the mri phantom have to be left for 10-15 mins once fitted before wa can start?

A

Reduces likelihood of artifice due to non uniform magnetic field or other transient conditions - bubbles??

193
Q

In CT QA how many housfield units can it be out by to pass?

A

+/- 10HU

194
Q

What is aplastic anaemia?

A

When body stops producing enough new blood cells, can lead to be fatigued, prone to infection and uncontrolled bleeding

195
Q

What is tear of tunica intima of blood vessel called? (Innermost layer of blood vessel)

A

Dissection

196
Q

What is it if you have erythrocyte sedimentation (ESR) and positive Bence jones urine test?

A

Sign of multiple myeloma

197
Q

What does dose INDEPENDENT reaction mean?

A

Does NOT depend on amount or
Dose of a drug, reaction will occur at same level regardless of how much of the substance of administered

198
Q

What type of bone cell takes up Tc99m?

A

Osteoblast as they are active during formation and repair of bone

199
Q

What is macrocyclic agent?

A

Type of chelator used in radio pharmaceuticals, have large ring like molecular shape with multiple binding sites that can coordinate with a metal ion

200
Q

What are the emerging technologies for breast cancer diagnosis?

A

Digital breast tomosythesis (DBT)/ 3D mammography

Contrast enhanced mammo (CEM)

MRI with advanced techniques, dynamic contrast enhanced

Ultrasound with elastography
Liquid biopsies
Molecular breast imaging

201
Q

What is an array sensor?

A

Type of sensor that consists of
Multiple individual sensing elements arranged in a grid or array format which can indpendantlh detect and respond to a specific portion of incoming signal or input

202
Q

What are the two
Types of photoreceptors in the eyes?

A

Rods- vision in low light conditions (scotopic), highly sensitive to light,
Not perceive colour, primarily in peripheral regions of retina

Cones- colour vision (photopic), active in bright light conditions, perceive detailed images, concentrated in fovea (central part of retina)

203
Q

What is brightness discrimination?

A

Refers to ability of visual system to distinguish between different level of brightness or intensity. How well the eye can detect differences in brightness between 2 or more stimuli

204
Q

Sclerotic densities of the pelvis

A

Pagets disease? When bones grow larger and weaker than normal

205
Q

What is perthes?

A

Childhood condition that affects hip
Joint, interruption of blood supply to femoral head which leads to death of the bone tissue (necrosis) which becomes weak and can collapse leading to deformity and joint problems

206
Q

Enchcondroma

A

Usually effects adolescents and young adults, type of benign tumour that originated from cartilage, most common type, usually found within: long bones such as hands, fingers, arms and legs, slow growing and not usually symptoms usually discovered incidentally

207
Q

Non ossifying fibroma ‘NOF’

A

Benign tumour usually in children and adolescents (5-20 years). Fibrous cortical defect, often found incidentally. Can cause fractures, usually long bones ie femur, tibia, humerus and usually metaphyseal region. Well defined, cortical
Thinning

208
Q

What’s bone infarct?

A

Aka aseptic or vascular necrosis (avn) characterised by osteocytes and bone marrow element death that results from inadequate blood supply which causes local ischemia

209
Q

Staghorn calculus

A

Type of kidney stone, branching kidney
Stone, fast growing with branches

210
Q

Most common vein used for IV contrast

A

Antecubital vein

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