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CELS191 > Progress Test 1 > Flashcards

Progress Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Outline the characteristics that define life

A 
Reproduction .
Cellular organisation 
Heredity 
Growth and development 
Adaption through evolution 
Response to stimuli 
Homeostasis 
Metabolism
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2
Q

What factors re ness as art for natural selection to occur

A

Inheritance
Variation
Time
Selection

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3
Q

What are the three domains all known life on earth can be grouped into

A

Bacteria
Eukarya
Archea

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4
Q

What are the building blocks for higher order structures in cells

A

Amino acids
Simple carbohydrates
Nucleabases
Glycerol, fatty acids Hydrocarbon rings

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5
Q

What are the four main macromolecules in cells

A

Polysaccharides
Nuclei acids
Proteins
Lipids

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6
Q

Basic structure of proteins

A

Proteins are made up of amino acids. All amino acids have the same basic structure, they all have an amino group, carbonyl group and an r group - the r group is what makes them different

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7
Q

Basic structure of nucleic acids

A

Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides. Nucleotides consist of a phosphate group, pentode sugar, and a base. DNA nucleotides have a hydrogen atom only on the second carbon of the pentode sugar whereas RNA will have a hydroxyl group.

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8
Q

What base are purines

A

Adenine and guanine

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9
Q

Basic structure of carbohydrates

A

Carbohydrates are polymers of Monosaccharides

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10
Q

Basic structure and types of lipids

A 
Lipids are not polymers, they are heterogenous macromolecules. 
Triacylglycersol fats 
Steroids 
Phospholipids 
Glycolipids 
Fat soluble vitamins
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11
Q

Role of carbohydrates

A

Recognition
Structure
Energy source

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12
Q

Role of proteins

A

Macromolecules that do stuff in your cells.

Our DNA is passed on throug mRNA that is used as a set of instructions to make proteins.

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13
Q

Role of lipids

A

Structural - large part of cell membrane
Regulatory - control fluidity of cell
Energy

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14
Q

Role of nucleic acids

A

Information molecules that tell the cell what to do as well as when and where.

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15
Q

What are the key organelles in eukaryote cells

A

Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Nucleus
Mitochondrion

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16
Q

What organelle is specific to animal cells

A

Lysosomes

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17
Q

What organelles are specific to plant cells

A

Chloroplasts

Central vacuole

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18
Q

Importance and roles of organelles

A

Provide specific conditions for specific processes
Keepmincompatabile processes apart
Form concentration gradients
Package substances for transport or export

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19
Q

Structure of the cell membrane

A

2 layers of phospholipids both have a hydrophilic head(phosphate group) and hydrophobic tail (fatty acids)
Cholesterol sits in the unsaturated gabs of the fatty acids to stabilise membrane fluidity and strengthen the membrane

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20
Q

What are the functions of the smooth ER

A

Metabolism of carbohydrates
Lipid synthesis for membranes
Detoxification of drugs and poisons
Storage of calcium ions

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21
Q

Functions of rough ER

A

Protein synthesis which occurs on free ribosomes that are attached to the rough ER.

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22
Q

Function of the Golgi body

A

Relieves, modifies, sorts and ships proteins that arrive from the rough ER. The vesicles that Cary these proteins arrive at the cis face and leave at the and face of the golgi
.

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23
Q

What is the role of vacuoles

A

Vacuoles are large membrane bound organelles
Contain and release waste products
Contain water in plant cells
isolate materials that might be harmful to the cell.

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24
Q

What do lysosomes do

A

Lysosomes are membrane bound organelles breakdown macromolecules which are then recycled. They contain enzymes called hydroplanes that can digest proteins, nucleic acids, lipids and complex sugars.

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25
Q

What are microtubules and what do they do.

A

Microtubules are made up of tubular sub units and they radiate out from the centromere.
There porpoise is to…
Resist compression
Provide motility from flagella and cilia
Organelle motility as motor proteins walk organelles along microtubules

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26
Q

What are microfillaments and what do they do

A

Microfillaminents are made up of a double chain of actin subunits which form linear strands and three dimensional subunits.
There purpose is to…
Resist tension
Keep organelles in place
Interaction between actin and myosin produce muscle contractions, cell division and cytoplasmic streaming.

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27
Q

What are intermediate filaments and what do they do

A

Intermediate fillaments are made up of proteins that are supercooled into cables and are relatively permanent structures.
Maintain cell shape
Anchor organelles
Remain after cell dies.

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28
Q

What is the purpose of cell junctions

A

They hold cells together and enable communication within and between cells.

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29
Q

What are tight junctions

A

Tightly junction hold neighbouring cells tightly pressed together which may form a continuous seal. Tight junctions also prevent movement of fluid across cell layers.

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30
Q

What are desmosomes.

A

Desmosomes are an anchoring junction that provides attachments between sheets of cells. They are connected into the cell by intermediate filaments.

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31
Q

What are gap junctions

A

Gap junctions create a point of cytoplasmic contact between cells, which allows ions and amall molecules to pass from cell to cell and well as rapid communication between cells.

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32
Q

What is the extra cellular matrix

A

The ECM is located on the inside of a cell, it is composed of materials secreted by constitutive exocytosis. The ECM contains a range of proteins which are mostly glycoproteins such as collagen, fib Ron extinct and intagrins.

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33
Q

What do fibronextins and intagrins do

A

Fibronectins attach cells to the ECM

Intagrin connects the ECM to the microfillaments in the cytoskeleton.

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34
Q

What does the endomembrane system do.

A

The endomembrsne system is a group of membranes and organelles in eukaryotic cells that works together to modify, package and transport lipids and proteins.

35
Q

Four types of eukaryote cells

A

Plants
Animals
Fungi
Protists

36
Q

Exocytosis

A

Transports material such as glycoproteins out of the cell or to the cells surface

37
Q

Constitutive exocytosis

A

Continuously making and releasing ECM proteins

38
Q

Regulated exocytosis

A

Releases hormones and neurotransmitters when given a signal.

39
Q

Endocytosis

A

The cell takes in molecules and particular matter at the plasma membrane

40
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Cell eating - uptake of food molecules rom a phagocytise vacuole which is digested by the lysosomes.

41
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Cell drinking - uptake of extracellular fluid containing various solutes such as proteins and sugars

42
Q

Receptor mediated endocytosis

A

is a specialised form of endocytosis which allows substances from the extracellular fluid which are of lowe concentration to be taken up. Receptor proteins are used to selectively capture the required solute

43
Q

Protoplast

A

The part of a plant cell the contains the plasma membrane and all of the organelles.

44
Q

What is part one of a plant cell wall structure

A

Crystalline microfibrillar phase - coni

Sissy of cellulose which is a husky orderd organic glucose polymers that forms long ribbon like structures.

45
Q

Part to of plant cell wall,structure

A

No crystalline microfribillar phase - contains pectin and hemicellulose plus a network of exstensin

46
Q

Pectin

A

Branched, negatively charged polysaccharides which bind water and have gel like properties

47
Q

Hemicellulose

A

Heterogenous group of polysaccharides which form a long chain of one type of sugar and short side chains for a rigid structure

48
Q

Extensin

A

Extensin is a protein. Extensin cross linking of pectin and hemicellulose dehydrtes the cell wall, reduces extensibility and increases strength.

49
Q

How is the cell wall made

A

Cellulose microfibrils are laid down outside the plasma membrane
Polysaccharides are transported from the Golgi to the cell wall in vesicles.
Cell proteins extensins from the rER perform constitutive exocytosis with fuses the vesicle to the plasma membrane.

50
Q

What makes the secondary cell wall different from the primary

A

Contains a chemical called lignin which provides structural support and more strength.

51
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

Responsible for cell communication

Allows free exchange of small molecules

52
Q

Major energy requirements for plant and animal cells.

A

Mechanical work
Along new materials
Active transport
Maintaining order

53
Q

Structure of the mitochondria

A

It has an outer and inner membrane
The inner membrane has folds in it called Christae
Inside the mitochondria (non membrane part) is the matrix mitochondria contain DNA and ribosomes

54
Q

What are the three main components of the nucleus

A

Nuclear envelope
Nucleus
Nucleolus

55
Q

Structure of nuclear envelope

A

Composed of two membranes, each is a phospholipid belayer
Outer membrane is continuous with the membrane of the ER
Space between the membranes is continuous with the lumen of the ER

56
Q

Function of the nuclear envelope

A

Protects the cells genetic information for chemical reactions occurring outside the nucleus

57
Q

Inside the nucleus

A

The inner membrane of the nuclear envelope is lined bynuclear laminate which composed of intermediate filaments

58
Q

Function of nuclear laminate - intermediate filaments

A

Help to maintain the shape of the nucleus and organise the packing of DNA within the nucleus.

59
Q

Nucleolus

A

A prominent nuclear structure with non dividing cells

60
Q

Function of the nucleolus

A

It is responsible for making ribosonal RNA which combines with proteins to produce ribosomes

61
Q

Role of the nuclear pore complex

A

Allows materials to move through the membranes and regulates transport.

62
Q

What material exit through the nuclear pore complex

A

MRNA, tRNA and ribosonal subunits

63
Q

What materials enter through the nuclear pore complex

A

Control signals, building blocks and energy

64
Q

Dichromatic

A

Less dense , contains genes being used by that cell.

65
Q

Heterochromatin

A

More dense, contains genes not being used by that cell.

66
Q

structure of chokorphasts

A

Three membranes: outer,inner thylakoid

Three components: inter membrane space, thylakoid space, storms

67
Q

What happens in the storms

A

Carbon fixation occurs

68
Q

What happens in true thylakoid space

A

Light reactions take place

69
Q

What happens during glycolysis

A

Glucose is converted into 2 pyruvate molecules, 2 ATP molecules and 2 HADH high energy electron carrier molecules are released.

70
Q

What happens during pyruvate oxidation

A

Pyruvate are converted into Acetyl Co-A and 2 more NADH molecules are produced.

71
Q

What happens during the citric acid cycle

A

Acetyl co-a enters the citric acid cycle which produces 2ATP molecules,, 6NADH molecules and 2 FADH molecules.

72
Q

What happens during oxidative phosphorylation part 1 the electron transport chain

A

NADH AND FADH Cary high energy electrons into the inner mitochondrial matrix moving through protein complexes in the membrane. As the electrons move, protons are pumped across the membrane to form a concentration gradient.

73
Q

What happens during oxidative phosphorylation part 2 chemiosmosis.

A

The concentration grading across the membrane powers ATP synthase which produces ATP.

74
Q

What allows ECM to resist compression

A

Proteoglycans

75
Q

What is the product of mitosis

A

Two genetically identical daughter cells

76
Q

Functions of membrane proteins

A

Signal transduction
Cell recognition
Intercellular joining
Stability

77
Q

Flaccid

A

Water concentration is at equilibrium in plant cell

78
Q

Plasmolised

A

Shriveled plant cell

79
Q

Turgid

A

Expanded plant cell

80
Q

What is the purpose of the Calvin cycle

A

To convert carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to carbohydrates which the plant needs to power cellular activities

81
Q

What is used from the light reaction to convert carbon into carbohydrates

A

ATP and NADPH

82
Q

What happens during fixation

A

Carbon is captured. 5C + CO2 = 2x 3C

83
Q

Reduction

A

Energy and electrons are added to the co2 molecule.

CELS191 (2 decks)

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