Progress test 1

Question 1

What are the characteristics of life?

Answer 1

Cell organisation, reproduction, metabolism, homeostasis, hereditary, sensitivity, growth, development and evolution

Question 2

What is the origin of life?

Answer 2

Complex biomolecules due to atmosphere and deep sea hydrothermal vents.

Question 3

What unit is used to measure cells?

Answer 3

micrometers (um)

Question 4

how many micrometers in eukaryote cells?

Answer 4

10-100 um

Question 5

How many micrometers in prokaryote cells?

Answer 5

less than 5um

Question 6

how many micrometers in mitochondria (organelle)?

Answer 6

1-10 um

Question 7

How many micrometers in chloroplasts (organelle)?

Answer 7

2-5um

Question 8

What are the components of cells and organelles measure in?

Answer 8

nanometers (nm)

Question 9

What is natural selection?

Answer 9

It is a mechanism to explain evolution where organisms with favourable alleles tend to survive and pass on their traits

Question 10

What do you require for natural selection?

Answer 10

variation, inheritance, selection and time

Question 11

phylogenetic tree?

Answer 11

Links common characteristics between organisms, by doing this all life on earth into the three domains of life

Question 12

What is the origin of life?

Answer 12

three domains (bacteria, eukaryotic and archaea)

Question 13

what is endosymbiosis theory

Answer 13

Mitochondria and chloroplasts (in eukaryotes) derived from becateria

Question 14

what bacteria is mitochondria and chloroplasts derived from?

Answer 14

proteobacteria (mito), Cyanobacteria (chloro)

Question 15

What is the key difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Answer 15

Eukaryotic cells are membrane enclosed organelles.

Question 16

What are the three branches in the tree of life?

Answer 16

bacteria, eukaryotes, and archaea

Question 17

What are the building blocks of biological molecules?

Answer 17

building blocks, macromolecules, supramolecular assemblies and organelles

Question 18

what comes under building blocks?

Answer 18

amino acids, nuclebases, simple carbs, glycerol, fatty acids and hydrocarbon rings

Question 19

what comes under supramolecular assemblies?

Answer 19

membranes, ribosomes and chromatin

Question 20

what comes under organelles?

Answer 20

nucleus, mitochondria, golgi and ER (smooth and rough)

Question 21

What do building blocks come together to form?

Answer 21

polymeric and non-polymeric molecules

Question 22

What are polymeric molecules

Answer 22

arranged in a linear fashion

Question 23

What are the four macromolecules

Answer 23

polysaccharides (complex carbs), nucleic acids (DNA, RNA), proteins and lipids

Question 24

What are building blocks/monomers joined together by?

Answer 24

chemically Strong covalent bonds

Question 25

What are the four ‘levels’ of carbohydrates?

Answer 25

monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides

Question 26

What carbohydrates are complex?

Answer 26

polysaccharides and oligosaccharides

Question 27

What carbohydrates are simple?

Answer 27

monosaccharides and disaccharides

Question 28

What are the two types of monosaccharide?

Answer 28

hexose and pentose

Question 29

how many monosaccahrides in oligosaccharides?

Answer 29

3 - approx 10 (several)

Question 30

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

Answer 30

cell recognition, energy, structure

Question 31

What are the functions of proteins

Answer 31

structure, regulatory, contractile, transport, storage, protection, catalytic, toxic

Question 32

What is an example of a non-polymeric molecule?

Answer 32

lipid (not polymer)

Question 33

What is a property of lipids?

Answer 33

hydrophobic

Question 34

What must a cell do?

Answer 34

make and obtain materials, remove waste, generate energy

Question 35

What is the role of the plasma membrane?

Answer 35

seperate the inside from the outside of the cell (semi-permeable) and provide special conditions

Question 36

What does the semi-permeable let through

Answer 36

oxygen, nutrients and waste

Question 37

what is the plasma membrane made up of

Answer 37

double layer of phospholipids

Question 38

What effects the fluidity of the plasma membrane made

Answer 38

saturation, temperature and cholesterol

Question 39

what stabilises fluidity

Answer 39

Cholesterol

Question 40

temp and fluidly

Answer 40

higher temp = more fluid, low temp = less fluid

Question 41

saturation and fluidity

Answer 41

saturated = tight packed, less fluid, unsaturated = prevent tight packing, more fluid

Question 42

cellular organelles re bound by which membranes

Answer 42

ER, lysosomes, mitochondria (two), nucleus

Question 43

Signal transduction

Answer 43

relays messages from the external environment into the cell

Question 44

Facilitated diffusion

Answer 44

allows hydrophilic (loves water) to cross the membrane via channels/carriers

Question 45

active transport

Answer 45

requires energ in the form of ATP Against chem/elctrical gradient

Question 46

what are the two ER

Answer 46

Smooth and rough

Question 47

what is Golgi apparatus

Answer 47

tagging and packaging occurs here (receives, modifies, sorts and ships proteins)

Question 48

where do things enter and exit the Golgi apparatus

Answer 48

in cis face out the trans face

Question 49

what is glycosylation

Answer 49

addition of carbs to proteins (modification)

Question 50

how are cells moved out of a cell

Answer 50

synthesis, tag and package and deliver

Question 51

where does synthesis occur

Answer 51

ER

Question 52

where does tagging and packaging occur

Answer 52

Golgi apparatus

Question 53

How are proteins delivered

Answer 53

vesicles that can fuse with membrane of organelles/ the cell

Question 54

fuctions of sER

Answer 54

metabolism of carbs, lipid synthesis for membranes, detoxification, storage of calcium

Question 55

functions of rER

Answer 55

ribosomes, protein synthesis, secrete proteins to enter lumen (interior)

Question 56

what does the Golgi produce many of

Answer 56

polysaccharides