Progress in Exosome Isolation Techniques | Article

Question 1

When were exosomes discovered?

Answer 1

1983, in two independent papers looking at immature red blood cells (reticulocytes) with labelled transferrin receptors

Question 2

When examined under an electron microscope, what do exosomes look like?

Answer 2

cup-shaped morphology, appearing as flattened spheres with diameters ranging from 30 to 150 nm. (probably due to dehydration)

Question 3

What’s the average thickness of the exosome lipid bilayer?

Answer 3

5 nm

Question 4

What are the lipid components of exosomes?

Answer 4

ceramide, cholesterol, sphingolipids, phosphoglycerides with long and saturated fatty-acyl chains.

Question 5

What are on the outer surface of exosomes?

Answer 5

(saccharide chains, mannose, polylactosamine, alpha-2,6siallic acid, and N-linked glycans

Question 6

Exosomes can carry proteins that are common amongst all exosomes, and can also carry a small subset of proteins that are cell-specific (T/F)

Answer 6

True

Question 7

What are some proteins typically found in exosomes?

Answer 7

platelet derived growth factor receptor, lactadherin, transmembrane proteins, lysosome associated membrane protein-2B

Question 8

What are two key cargos carried by exosomes?

Answer 8

proteins and nucleic acids

Question 9

The biological fingerprints of exosomes practically mirror those of the parental cell (True/False)

Answer 9

True

Question 10

Exosomes play a vital role in ..?

Answer 10

cell-cell communication, coagulation, antigen presentation, waste management, and protein/nucleic acid transfer

Question 11

How does differential ultracentrifugation isolate exosomes?

Answer 11

consists of a series of centrifugation cycles at different centrifugal forces and durations to isolate exosomes based on density and size differences from other components in a sample.

Question 12

How do you inhibit protein degradation?

Answer 12

spike em with protease inhibitors

Question 13

What is analytical centrifugation?

Answer 13

investigates the physiochemical properties of particulate materials and molecular interactions of polymeric materials.

Question 14

Preparative ultracentrifugation fractionates small particles such as ?

Answer 14

viruses, bacteria, subcellular organelles, and EVs

Question 15

What are the two types of preparative ultracentrifugation?

Answer 15

differential ultracentrifugation and density gradient ultracentrifugation