Programming, Planning & Practice (Kaplan 2009) Flashcards
A street which carries relatively low traffic and provides access to low-intensity uses which front on it.
local access street
A form of real estate tenancy in which the lessee has the right to use a piece of property under conditions described in the lease.
leasehold
A transitional style architecture in the late 16th century, particularly in Italy, characterized by the unconventional use of classical elements.
mannerism
Lynch’s term for a city’s circulation routes
paths
A theory suggesting that the land use patterns of some cities are not developed around a single core, but rather around several distinct nodes.
multiple nuclei theory
Lynch’s term for the central points of reference in a city.
nodes
The ratio of the gross floor area of a building to the area of the lot.
floor area ratio (FAR)
A numerical classification indicating the rate at which flame will spread over the surface of a material. Class I materials have the least and Class III have the most.
flame-spread rating
Construction to resist the spread of fire, as specified in the applicable building code.
fire-resistive construction
The intersection of two roads at different levels so that vehicles may move from one road to the other without crossing the stream of traffic. Also called interchange.
grade separation
The rate of slope between two points on a surface, determined by dividing their vertical difference in elevation by their horizontal distance apart.
gradient
The Medieval architecture of Western Europe from the 12th to the 16th century; characterized by pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and daring structural forms.
gothic
A concept developed by Ebenezer Howard in which all land would be owned by the community, the city would be economically balanced and self-contained, and a permanent belt of farmland would surround the city.
garden city
A concept of proportion in which a whole is divided so that the ratio of the smaller to the larger part is the same as the ratio of the larger part to the whole. Mathematically, C, B = B, A
golden section
The intersection of a railroad and a road at the same elevation.
grade crossing
The most profitable use of a parcel of land.
highest and best use
The time interval between the arrival of successive buses or trains.
headway
Land on which buildings have not yet been constructed, but which contains utilities and streets.
improved land
Serving to reveal or disclose; stimulating interest in order to encourage further investigation.
heuristic
A logical process in which a conclusion contains more information than the premises on which it is based
inductive reasoning
A term used by Lynch to describe the ease with which parts of a city can be recognized and organized into a coherent pattern. Also known as legibility.
imageability
Relationships between activities characterized by frequent interaction.
linkages
Equal and undivided ownership of property by two or more persons that upon the death of one, interest passes to the survivor(s).
joint tenancy
The form of modern architecture developed in the 1920s and 1930s, characterized by cubist forms, white surfaces, and large areas of glass and steel windows.
international style
A part of a highway marked off to carry a single line of moving vehicles.
lane
As used by Lynch, a point of reference in a city that cannot be entered into or traversed.
landmark
The 18th century social and economic movement, begun in England, that mechanized the productive processes by substituting machine power for hand power.
industrial revolution
The social standing one has relative to others, which serves to determine spatial and social order.
status
The study of the properties of geometric forms that remain constant when the forms change. This relation exists, for example, in considering inside and outside.
topology
An arrangement which tends to bring people together, such as the arrangement of tables and chairs at a sidewalk cafe.
sociopetal
An arrangement which tends to keep people apart, such as back-to-back seating in an airline terminal waiting room.
sociofugal
Behavior intended to protect a specific territory by means of particular positions, postures, or gestures, such as placing one’s coat over the adjacent seat.
spatial defense
A theory of urban development which assumes that land uses tend to be arranged in pieces or pie-shaped wedges radiating from the center of the city.
sector theory
The shape of an extensive urban area which lacks specific focal points, well-defined routes, or articulated form.
sheet pattern
A community in New Jersey, planned by Henry Wright and Clarence Stein, in which superblocks were surrounded by roads, and all pedestrian paths bridged over or passed under the roads.
Radburn
A typical pattern of urban development formed by a grid street system with two or more corridors of intense development intersecting at a central core.
rectilinear pattern
Separating into component parts; reducing to a simpler form.
resolution
The study of human perception of space and environment, including how the use of space relates to environmental and cultural factors.
proxemics
A spherical triangle forming a transition between a circular dome and its square or polygonal support.
pendentive
Pertaining to architecture having directness of form and economy of materials.
organic
Le Corbusier’s system of proportioning based on the male human body.
modular
A term used by Lynch to describe the ease with which parts of a city can be recognized and organized into a coherent pattern. Also known as imageability.
legibility
The unique characteristics of a place which relate to a specific behavior or a particular activity.
behavior setting
An architectural style of the 5th century, which employed masonry arches and domes on pendentives.
Byzantine
The inherent system in people that causes regular cycles of function or behavior, such as periods of working, sleeping and eating.
biological clock
An early 1950s style based on Le Corbusier’s crudely fabricated concrete work in which structural and mechanical elements were often featured.
brutalism
An architectural style from 19th century France which encouraged the eclectic adaptation of French Renaissance features.
beaux-arts
The unit of space between the supporting columns of a building.
bay
A theory of urban development that perceives the modern American city as a series of concentric rings around the central business district.
concentric zone theory
The architectural development around 1900, centered in Chicago, that was characterized by tall, steen-framed buildings.
Chicago school
Overly lavish, decorated architecture from the baroque period in Spain.
churrigueresque
The process by which private property is taken for public use under the right of eminent domain, with reasonable compensation paid to the owner.
condemnation
The process by which a person acquires, codes, stores, recalls, and decodes information about his or her spatial environment.
cognitive mapping
Lawful use of a building or lot that complies with the provisions of the applicable zoning ordinance.
conforming use
A housing pattern consisting of rows of units located perpendicular to the street.
end-on pattern
Appropriation of private property for public use, together with acceptance for such use by a public agency.
dedication
A term used by Kevin Lynch to describe sections of the environment having an identifying character.
districts
A logical process in which a conclusion follows necessarily from the premises, as opposed to inductive reasoning.
deductive reasoning
The upper part of a Greek or Roman order, comprising architrave, frieze, and cornice.
entablature
A preliminary sketch or plan.
equisse
The area beyond a city’s suburbs, whose residents are generally upper-income commuters.
exurbia
An urban pattern in which development occurs along public transit corridors and expressways.
finger plan
A form of land ownership in which the owner has absolute title, which can be transferred by sale or bequest.
fee simple
Earth that is replaced around a foundation or retaining wall after the concrete forms have been removed.
backfill
A line, usually parallel to a property line, beyond which a structure may not extend.
building line
A unit of heat energy, which is defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water by one degree Farenheit.
British thermal unit (Btu)
A stone guard to prevent damage to a wall; also a freestanding stone post to divert vehicular traffic.
bollard
A relatively permanent surveyor’s mark of known location and elevation.
bench mark
A type of zoning that permits a developer to reduce the minimum lot size below the requirements of the zoning ordinance, if the land gained thereby is preserved as permanent, community open space.
cluster zoning
An imaginary line on the ground surface connecting all points of equal elevation.
contour
The prevailing or average weather conditions of a place as determined over a number of years.
climate
East-west lines, running perpendicular to meridian lines, from which townships are established on government surveys.
baselines
A partial obstruction against flow, in a duct or pipe.
baffle
A sun break, an architectural shading device for blocking unwanted sun rays.
brise-soliel
The process of formulating, organizing, or expressing an element clearly with relation to other parts.
articulation
An original model after which something is patterned; a prototype.
archetype
A group of arches on columns or pillars, which are either freestanding or attached to a wall.
arcade
The aesthetic or pleasurable features of a place or facility.
amenities
Able to walk.
ambulatory
The separation of an entity into its components, so that it may be examined.
analysis
The acquisition of territory by a municipality.
annexation
The angle which the sun makes with the horizon.
altitude
To summarize; to get to the essence of something.
abstract
The violation of the spatial or territorial rights of another, usually by a show of force.
aggression
Wedge-shaped blocks used to form an arch or vault.
voussoirs
Encroachment on personal space, such as sitting very close to a person on an otherwise empty park bench.
spatial invasion
A length of pipe, running under a road or other barrier, used to drain or carry water.
culvert
The heat transfer process which occurs when a warm fluid rises, displacing cold fluid which then falls.
convection
Hollow and curved inward, such as the inside surface of a hollow sphere.
concave
Curved outward, such as the outside surface of a sphere.
convex
A waterproof boxlike structure in which construction work can be performed underwater.
Also a pile constructed by pouring concrete into a drilled shaft.
caisson
A type of grade-separated interchange used in highway design, named for its shape.
cloverleaf
A pattern of land use in which several cities of approximately the same size and population are located fairly close to each other, but have no dominating center.
constellation pattern
To set at a slant from the horizontal or vertical.
cant
A compound used to seal the joint between two materials or surfaces.
caulking
The geographic area from which the participants in an activity are drawn, such as the customers of a shopping center or the employees of a manufacturing plant.
catchment
Earth which is removed (cut) and earth which is added (fill) in grading.
cut and fill
A legal document which is used to transfer property title from one party to another.
deed
A deed restriction which regulates land use, construction materials, appearance, or aesthetic qualities of an area.
covenant
The rate at which a given material conducts heat, per inch of thickness.
conductivity (k)
Two sheets of glass with an air space between, to insulate against the passage of heat or sound. Also called insulating glass.
double glazing
A short road with no outlet, serving only those buildings or properties which face it.
cul-de-sac
A dome, hence often a cathedral.
duomo
The digging or removal of earth.
excavation
The right held by one party to make limited use of the property of another.
easement
A platform raised above floor level.
dais
The process of controlling, collecting, transporting, and disposing of excess water.
drainage
Trees which shed leaves annually, as opposed to evergreens.
deciduous
Trees having green leaves throughout the year, as opposed to deciduous.
evergreen
A high-speed, multiple-lane highway designed to move traffic smoothly and without interruption. Also called a freeway.
expressway
The height above a known point of reference, often taken as the height above sea level.
elevation
The gradual wearing away or disintegration of land caused by water, wind, and so on running over its surface.
erosion
Removing and/or adding earth in order to bring the ground surface to a specified elevation profile. Also called grading.
earthwork
The slightly convexity of a column, used to overcome the optical illusion of concavity that would occur if the column were straight.
entasis
The right of the state to take private property for public use, with reasonable compensation paid to the owner.
eminent domain
The expected maximum depth of frost penetration in the ground in a given area.
frost line
Wood or metal strips used to make a plane surface; also a cavity within a wall or ceiling.
furring
A construction procedure in which construction on each phase of a project is begun as its design is completed, without waiting for the completed project design.
fast-tract
A horizontal band on a vertical surface, located beneath a cornice, sometimes decorated with relief sculpture.
frieze
A high-speed, multiple-lane highway designed to move traffic smoothly and without interruption.
Also called an expressway.
freeway
A belvedere or viewing place.
gazebo
An amount established in an agreement between an owner and a contractor as the maximum cost of performing specified work.
guaranteed maximum cost
A wall resistant to the spread of fire.
fire wall
The shape, outling, or configuration of a structure. Also, a mold of wood or other material used to contain wet concrete in the required shape until it hardens.
form
The exterior face of a building, usually the front.
facade
A pattern of circulation named for its shape, consisting of equally spaced streets running perpendicular to each other.
grid pattern
The amount or degree of moisture in an area, a determining element of weather.
humidity
Extreme contrast between light and dark in the visual field, which can cause discomfort.
glare
The relationships of the sizes of building elements.
proportion
The study of the quality, aspects, and perception of beauty.
aesthetics
A citadel in an Ancient Greek city, usually on a plateau.
acropolis
The horizontal or vertical of a highway.
alignment
The science of sound and sound control
acoustics
An arena encircled by tiers of seats.
amphitheater
The eastern or alter end of a church, usually semicircular plan.
apse
A buttressing or supporting structure.
abutment
A small room in a library.
carrel
The organization of the elements of a building or other work to achieve a desired result.
design
An amount included in a construction budget, normally 5 to 10 percent, to provide for unforeseen or unpredictable costs.
contingency allowance
The right of an owner to have ingress and egress to and from a property.
access right
An underground geological formation through which water flows.
aquifer
A pit, usually filled with coarse stone, into which water is conducted for leaching out into surrounding soil.
dry well
Federal Housing Administration, founded in 1934 to provide mortgage insurance.
FHA
A semicurcular open area, with or without a roof, providing a continuous seat.
exedra
A race course bordered by tiered seating.
hippodrome
The federal agency concerned with all phases of housing activities.
Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)
An agency which functions in the secondary mortgage market.
Government National Mortgage Association (Ginnie Mae), GNMA
Concrete used for paving which uses crushed granite as the coarse aggregate.
granolith
A situation, generally the reverse of normal, in which cold air is close to the ground and a layer of warm air is above it.
inversion
The lowest point of the inside of a drain, pipe, channel, or other liquid-carrying conduit.
invert
The intersection of two roads at different levels so that vehicles may move from one road to the other without crossing the stream of traffic. Also called grade separation.
interchange
Pertaining to symbolic representation of ideas or subjects by means of images.
iconographic
A legal claim on property as security for money owed.
lien
A minor street which starts at a major street, extends in curvilinear fashion for a short distance, and then returns to the major street.
loop street
A surface decoration formed by incised carving.
intaglio
A Hawaiian terrace or veranda.
lanai
A stone of great size, especially in ancient construction.
megalith
A system of circulation channels which covers a large area.
network
A building with corridors radiating from a central point, which can be observed by a person located at that point.
panopticon
The area over which a city exerts a dominant economic influence.
metropolitan area or region
A vertical member between windows or doors.
mullion
Paving using crushed stone.
macadam
A circulation pattern in which channels spread out from a central point.
radial pattern
A plan of a city or subdivision, showing the boundaries of individual properties.
plat
The principal inner chamber of a Greek temple.
naos
A land use pattern which is developed in a circle or doughnut shape.
ring pattern
An open court enclosed by the walls of a building.
patio
A device used at an intersection of streets in which all vehicles merge and then diverge at relatively low speeds.
rotary
An ornamental garden arrangement.
parterre
