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HPM Boards > Prognostication > Flashcards

Prognostication Flashcards

1
Q

What is the 6 month mortality risk after hip fracture for patients with dementia?

A

55% (vs 12% for patients who are cognitively intact)

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2
Q

What is the 6 month mortality risk for patients with dementia who are hospitalized with pneumonia?

A

53% (vs 13% for patients who are cognitively intact)

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3
Q

What score on Mortality Risk Index (Mitchell Index) is threshold for hospice eligibility?

A

Score of 9-11 equates to 57% risk of death at 6 months

Score of 12 or more is 70% risk of death at 6 months

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4
Q

Populations where feeding tube placement can be considered? (4)

A

1) ALS- will improve survival
2) Strokes- may live longer
3) ENT cancer- especially if cancer is curative and may improve QOL
4) PVS- will live longer

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5
Q

What is the median survival for patients with cancer and a PPS/KPS of 40-60?

A

1-3 month survival

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6
Q

Median survival for patients with cancer and hypercalcemia?

A

6-8 weeks (unless breast, MM)

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7
Q

Median survival for patients with cancer and leptomeningeal disease?

A

21 days

3 weeks

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8
Q

What 4 factors influence prognosis (at 1 year mortality level) for patients on MV for 21 days?

A

For patient on MV FOR 21 DAYS
* Age >50
* Pressors
* Platelets < 150K
* Dialysis

Above Factors are Each 1 Point

0 of the above: 15% 1 year mortality
1 of the above: 42% 1 year mortality
2 of the above: 88% mortality (100% dependent in all ADLs)
3-4 of the above: > 95% 1 year mortality

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9
Q

Median prognosis for patient with malignant pericardial effusion?

A

8-12 weeks

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10
Q

Median prognosis for patients with cancer with MULTIPLE brain metastases?

A

Without XRT 4-8 weeks (1-2 months)

WITH XRT 12-24 weeks (3-4 months)

Single brain met with good performance status can have prognosis of short years (for patients with breast cancer or other less aggressive cancer types)

Treated brain mets- think PX more 6-8 months

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11
Q

What 5 clinical signs or symptoms are most predictive of death within 12 hours?

A

1) Decreased UOP <100 cc/12hr
2) Pulseless radial artery
3) Cheyne-Stokes breathing
4) Mandibular breathing
5) Death rattle

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12
Q

Four signs/factors associated with WORSE prognosis in ALS patients?

Overall prognosis after diagnosis?

A

1) Age > 70
2) Bulbar features
3) BMI < 25
4) FTD (present in 15-41%)

24-36 months, influenced by the ABOVE

Riluzole survival benefit- only 2-3 months

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13
Q

What is the discerning factor between a COMA and PVS? PVS and MCS?

A

Patient in PVS will have sleep-wake cycles, patients in coma do NOT

Patient in Minimally Conscious State will have SOME (though minimal) purposeful movement/interaction with environment while PVS will not

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14
Q

What is the average survival for patients after terminal removal of MV?

A

Median time to death is 0.9 hours

Half die within 1 hour

Vast majority DIE WITHIN 10 HOURS

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15
Q

What is the mean life expectancy of patients with advanced heart failure on infusion of inotropes (via PICC/central line)?

A

Mean life expectancy is 9 months

25% survive to 1 year

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16
Q

For patients with ALS and who have PEG placement, what is their average prognosis?

A

For URGENT PEG placement, survival of about 6 months (longer prognosis if PEG placed in non urgent setting)

Placement of PEG should occur when FVC >50%

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17
Q

What is the prognosis for patients with advanced cancer and malignant pleural effusion or malignant bowel obstruction?

A

< 6 month

18
Q

How long will someone live after cessation of eating and drinking?

A

After discontinuation of food and fluid, patients often survive 1 to 3 weeks

VARIES depending on underlying etiology

19
Q

What predicts poorer prognosis in patients with NYHA Class IV? (9)

A

1) Na < 136 mEg/L indicates poor
2) Recent cardiac hospitalization
3) Systolic blood pressure <100 mmHg and/or pulse faster than 100 bpm
4) Decreased left ventricular ejection fraction
5) Treatment-resistant ventricular dysrhythmias
6) Anemia
7) Cachexia
8) Reduced functional capacity
9) Comorbidities (diabetes, depression, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD], cirrhosis, cerebrovascular disease, cancer, and HIV-associated cardiomyopathy

NYHA Class IV has 60-70% chance of surviving 1 year

NYHA Class IV ~ ECOG 3 or PPS 60%

20
Q

Brain Death Criteria for ADULTS

A

1) absent of brainstem reflexes
2) the presence of coma
3) positive apnea test, meaning that the patient had the appropriate rise in serum PCO2 and lack of initiation of spontaneous respiration for the specified time period of 10 minutes
4) prerequisite criteria for core temperature (>32C), drug or electrolyte abnormalities that could confound the clinical assessment have been excluded.

Needs 2 separate clinical exams (can be same doctor, unlike in pediatric patients)

21
Q

What is overall 1 month prognosis for patients with intracerebral hemorrhage?

What is the chance of meaningful recovery at 6 months?

A

52% 1 month mortality

90% 1 month mortality if a brainstem bleed

Among survivors, there is only a 20% chance of meaningful function by 6 months.

  • elderly
  • poor neurological condition on arrival
  • size of ICH (> 60 cc, > 90% 1 month mortality)
  • bleed involving ventricles
  • bleed expansion w/in 24 hours
22
Q

KPS score of what or lower is associated with < 6 months survival in patients with advanced cancer?

A

KPS/PPS of 50 or less

23
Q

What is the effect of hip fracture in patients with cancer in regards to mortality?

A

Hip fracture DOUBLES the mortality risk within the first year for patients w/ cancer

Risk if highest in first 3-6 months
Mortality risk INCREASED for 6 years following fracture

Hip fracture responsible for death in 1 of 5 affected older adults

24
Q

What % of patients survive to discharge after in hospital code? What predicts lower success rate?(6)

A

15%, or 1 in 6 patients, who undergo CPR in the hospital may survive to dischare

1) Dementia
2) Cr > 1.5
3) AA race
4) Metastatic cancer
5) Sepsis day prior
6) Dependence in ADLs

25
Q

LMAC of 22.5 correlates to WHAT BMI?

A

18.5

26
Q

Palliative Prognostic Score (aka PaP) predicts survival at what time point?

A

30 day mortality

Includes KPS, WBC, lymphocytes, clinical prediction of LE, anorexia, dyspnea

27
Q

Palliative Prognostic Index predicts survival at what time point?

A

Looks at 3 and 6 week mortality

Includes PPS, oral intake, dyspnea, delirium, edema in CANCER patients

28
Q

At what MELD score would you admit to hospice?

A

> 20

29
Q

What is 90 day mortality for ischemic stroke?

What 3 things increase mortality rate?

A

17-21%

1 of 5 die within 3 months

1) Medical complications while in hospital
2) Older age
3) NIHHS score (HIGH score is BAD)- STRONGEST predictor- measured at 24 H

30
Q

Overall 30 day mortality following TBI? 5 factors associated with worse prognosis?

A

20% with highest mortality associated with worst initial GCS scores (< 8 is coma)

With initial GCS 3-4, only 20% survive
HALF of thee patients have a “good outcome” (GOS 4-5)

  • Older age
  • Lower initial GCS
  • Abnormal initial pupillary reaction
  • Longer length of coma
  • Duration of post trauma amnesia

All the above associated with WORSE outcome

-Favorable outcome (GOS 4-5) likely when the time to follow commands is less than 2 weeks after
injury, and the duration of post-traumatic amnesia is less than 2 months.
-Poor outcome (GOS <4) is likely when the patient is > 65 years old, the time to follow commands
is longer than 1 month, or the duration of post-traumatic amnesia is greater than 3 months.
-Notably, 10% of patients will not have the outcome predicted by the guidelines above

31
Q

Median survival for patients who do NOT regain ambulatory ability after TX for SCC?

Median survival for patients who DO regain ambulatory ability after TX for SCC?

A

Median survival is 76 days! 1-2 months

33% of these patients eventually go home without assistance but over 2/3rds never regained ambulatory ability

For patients who DO regain ambulatory ability- prognosis is 7-9 months

32
Q

Prognosis with multiple brain mets and very good PPS (with disease like breast cancer)?

A

7-12 months

Patients with brain metastases who are younger, have a good functional status, and good primary disease control have a median survival of > 6 months. Whole brain radiotherapy has been shown to improve median survival and neurologic symptoms and should be considered as part of a palliative treatment plan.

33
Q

Four very POOR prognostic signs for comatose survivors after cardiac arrest?

A

1) presence of myoclonus status epilepticus at
24 hours in patients with primary circulatory arrest
2) absence of pupillary responses at 72 hours after CPR
3) absent corneal reflexes at 72 hours after CPR
4) absent or extensor motor responses at 72 hours after CPR.

34
Q

Prognostication for stroke patients related to dysphagia?

A

Dysphagia is a common occurrence after stroke (~65% of stroke patients), with half of those with dysphagia improving within 2 weeks and 15% with continued dysphagia at 30 days.

Only 8% of acute stroke patients require enteral feeding 6 months after acute ischemic CVA

35
Q

Prognosis for patients after SCT who have septic shock/ICU level care?

A

In one multicenter retrospective study of 209 allogeneic stem-cell-transplant patients, those who required mechanical ventilation had in-hospital, 6-month, and 1-year survival rates of 15.6%, 14%, and 10.6%, respectively.

Of these patients, those who were admitted to the ICU after the 30-day engraftment period had in-hospital, 6-month, and 1-year survival rates of 11.8%, 9.2%, and 6.5%, respectively

HOWEVER- subsets of patients with median survivals of 3 to 5 years after second transplant for whom a trial of aggressive therapy for post-transplant complications may be worth considering.

36
Q

Impact of chemotherapy (docetaxel) for patients with hormone refractory prostate cancer?

A
  • significant improvement in overall survival (the increase in length of survival was < than 2.5 months)
  • found to reduce bone pain and PSA levels
  • improved quality of life
  • median OS of 2-5 months
37
Q

Prognosis for patients with HRS type 1? HRS type 2?

A

1) HRS Type 1: days to weeks (usually 1-2 months) (if not responsive to fluids/TX)
2) HRS Type 2: mean survival is typically 6 to 8 months

38
Q

Prognosis for patients with PAH on IV Flolan? Impact of drug?

A

> 6 months

the addition of intravenous epoprostenol (Flolan) has been shown in small clinical trials to improve function, symptoms, and survival rates, even in patients who fail to respond to appropriate treatments.

39
Q

3 biggest predictors of POOR neurological outcome after cardiac arrest?

A

Bilateral absence of pupillary reflexes more than 24 hours after return of spontaneous circulation, bilateral absence of corneal reflexes more than 24 hours, and bilateral absence of somatosensory-evoked potentials between days 1 and 7 all indicate poor neurologic outcome

40
Q

Survival for patients with initial GCS of 3-5?

A

15-20%

41
Q

One year mortality rate after development of hepatic encephalopathy?

A

60%

HPM Boards (13 decks)

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