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ICH 287 > Professor Nwokocha's Part > Flashcards

Professor Nwokocha's Part Flashcards

1
Q

What is Homogenous catalysis?

A

Homogenous catalysis is a type of catalysis in which the reactants and thecatalysts are in the same phase, this allows a uniform distribution of molecules making the reaction very fast.

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2
Q

Examples of homogenous catalysis

A

*esterification of alkanol and alkanoic acid in the pressure of H2SO4
*Hydration of ethene to form ethanol using H2SO4
*Dehydration of ethenol to form ethene H2SO4

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3
Q

In what phase does homogenous catalysis occur in the most

A

Liquid phase

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4
Q

What’s Heterogeneous catalysis?

A

Reactants and catalyst are in different phases

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5
Q

Examples of Heterogeneous catalysis

A

*Haber process using Iron fillings
*Contact process using V205
*Hydrogenation of oil to give fat.

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6
Q

Examples photocatalysis

A

This type of catalysis is initiated by light which initiates the initiators which give free radicals
Eg substitution reaction of methane in the presence of light.

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7
Q

What’s an advantage of Homogenous catalysis?

A

Not limited by positions, therefore proceed to react at a very fast rate

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8
Q

What’s fermentation?

A

Fermentation is a biochemical process in which simple fermentable carbohydrates are converted to alcohols and CO2 or organic acids in the presence of fermentable enzymes from yeasts and bacteria under anaerobic conditions.

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9
Q

Who discovered fermentation?

A

Louis Pasteur

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10
Q

Who concluded that enzymes in microbes were responsible for fermentation?

A

Buchner

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11
Q

Define Zymology

A

Science of fermentation

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12
Q

What’s the importance of fermentation?

*Hint IPDND

A

*Improves the taste of rather bland food
*Preserve food from degradation by noxious organisms
*Improves the digestibility of food that are not easily assimilated
*Improves the nutrients of food
*Prevents the detoxification of food.

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13
Q

Fermentable foods examples

A

Sweet sorghum, beetroot, sugarcane, cheese, maize, rice, barley, fruits etc

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14
Q

What’s the purpose of hops, barley and water in beer production?

A

Hops are used for preservation purposes and also for improving taste

Barley is used to provide the fermentable sugar which is fermented to form beer

Water - to initiate germination and to increase volume

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15
Q

Why is Barley used?

A

*it’s cheap
*Contains necessary enzymes to break down and hydrolyze to form fermentable sugars.
*It’s consistent in taste

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16
Q

What’s Beer Purity Act?

A

Formed in 1516 and restricts brewery of beer to the 3 ingredients

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17
Q

Why is yeast added in brewery of beer?

A

In order to facilitate the conversion of fermentable sugars to alcohols and CO2

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18
Q

What does Malting stage entails?

A

*steeping
*Germination
*Kilning

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19
Q

What happens in the steeping process?

A

*water moisture is increased from 12 to 43-46 percent
*The enzymes in the barley required for saccharification are activate ie glucanase and amylase.
*Occurs for 2-3days
*Done through immersion and dry standing

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20
Q

Germination process?

A

*the glucanase in the barley becomes activated and breaks down the endosperm, cell wall materials of the plaht
*Amylase converts the cellulose/starch into fermentable sugars
*There’s formation of fermentable sugars

Unhydrolyzed sugars are unwanted before of filter clogging and unwanted viscousity.

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21
Q

Kilning?

A

This involves exposure of germinating barley to hot air in order to cause denaturation in enzymes responsible for saccharification. This prevents usage of fermentable sugars for plant growth.

Calberg Brewery at Copenhagen have deviced ways to express glucanase enzymes of thermophilic bacteria to the barley. This allows for continuous saccharification even when the further germination of plants has been arrested.

22
Q

What is malt?

A

Dried germination grains

23
Q

Explain how thermophilic glucanase improve livestock growth?

A

Feeding livestock with GM barley is good for the growth because it provides glucanase which helps livestock to break down endosperm of feed given to them.

24
Q

Explain fermentation process of beer making

A

Fermentable sugars from the Malting process are now converted into alcohol with the effervescence of CO2 or the formation of organic acid by the action of enzymes present in microbes like yeast and bacteria under anaerobic conditions.

25
Q

Differentiate between Lager beer and Bright beer

A

Lager beer undergoes single fermentation hence cloudy while bright beer undergoes double fermentation thereby clear

26
Q

What are the enzymes found in yeast?

A

Zymase, invertase and maltase

27
Q

What’s wine made from?

A

Grapes

28
Q

Component of wine

A

87.7% water
11% alcohol
0.2% tannins
1% acid

29
Q

What’s the first process of making wine?

A

Ripening, the fruit is made to get ripe to produce ferm sugars.
A downside is the infection of the fruits by unwanted yeasts and bacteria which may result in the spoilage of fruits or change in the desired flavour

30
Q

Which rot fungues attacks grapes

A

Bortrytis Cinerea

31
Q

What’s the next stage of wine making?

A

Fermentation

32
Q

Types of fermentation

A

*Malolactic, coverts malic acid to lactic acid by lactic acid bacteria.
*Yeast fermentation

33
Q

What’s spontaneous fermentation?

A

Uncontrolled fermentation brought by external microorganisms which can result in affecting the consistency and flavour of a Brewers product.

34
Q

Rate of conversion of malic acid depends on…

A

*temperature
*Ph
*Availability of other sources of energy

35
Q

How’s wine clarified

A

Filtration and stabilization

36
Q

What are bioprocesses

A

Processes that make use of living cell to produce desired products or value added products.

37
Q

What’s the major issue with bioprocesses

A

Purification - removal of.microorganisms used for bioprocesses and products

38
Q

Advantages of nanotech to bioprocesses?

ECS

A

Ezymatic stability at non ambient conditions

Development of cell culture techniques for protein production optimisation

Ease of seperation and filtration of target from bulk

39
Q

Advantages of Bioprocesses?

HCTREP

A

*eliminates use of hazard chemicals
*Low cost of production
*Low temperature operation
*Increased production rate
*Minimal energy consumption
*Production of pure products

40
Q

Explain the relationship between bioethanol and engines of cars

A

Bioethanol can be mix with petrol 85-15 on normal engine
But for complete bioethanol fuel, a new engine modification is required.

41
Q

What’s Biomass?

A

Materials of recent living things or segment which are used in Bioprocesses to produce desired products and value added products.

42
Q

Examples of Biomass

A

Wheat, sugar beet, sweet sorghum, wood biomass.

43
Q

Conversion of biomass to bioethanol

A

*grinding to increase surface area of the biomass

*Saccharification to produce ferm sugars

*Dilution of ferm sugars with water

*Addition of enzymes for fermentation

*Conversion to bioethanol

44
Q

Categories of biomass

A

Food crops

Agricultural products

Energy crops (poplar, Willow and switch grass)

Plant residue

45
Q

What’s the function of lignin?

A

Binds cellulose together, responsible for the strength of wood

46
Q

What degrade lignin?

A

T.ressei

47
Q

What are acids obtained from biomass

A

Ethanol
Succinic acid
Citric acid
Acetic acid
Lactic acid

48
Q

Mentions organisms responsible for their fermentation?

A

*ethanol - sacchromyces cerevisae
* Citric acid - aspergillus Niger
*Acetic acid - clostridium thermoacetum
*Succinic acid - rhizopus fusarum
*Lactic acid - lactobacilli

49
Q

How do we obtain furfural?

A

Hydration of C5H8O4 to form C5H10O5

dehydration to form C5H4O2

50
Q

If I hydrogenate furfural, I’ll get?

If I oxidize furfural, I’ll get?

If decarbonize, I’ll get

If I hydrate, I’ll get?

A

Furfuryl alcohol
Tetrahydrofufural
Furoic acid
Furan

ICH 287 (1 decks)

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