Professionalism pharmacy skills Flashcards
what is clinical pharmacy ?
Clinical pharmacy comprises of a set of functions that promote safe, effective use of medicines for patients.
what are the key aspects of clinical pharmacy (acronym) :
SAEC
safety
appropriateness
efficacy
cost
What are the 3 qualities required to achieve “good prescribing” ?
1) Patient’s wants
2) technical properties
3) General good
what are the 4 principles of medical ethics ?
1) beneficence (doing good)
2) non-maleficence (not doing harm)
3) justice (greater good)
4) Patient autonomy (choice)
what is the short hand writing for “initial diagnosis” ?
“impression” pr “imp” for short.
symbolised by a triangle
what is Hyponatraemia ?
low sodium level
What is Hypernatremia ?
deficit of water relative to sodium.
low levels of water, high levesl of sodium.
HYPO/HYPERkalaemia ?
Low or high levels of potassium
Symptoms of hypo/hyperkalaemia:
1) Tachycardia
2) lethal
3) weakness
4) fatigue
5) musclecramps
6) arrthymia
what causes low levels of urea ?
Lack of protein in diet
What causes high levels of urea ?
Dehydration or bleeding
What is creatine clearance also known as ? (CrCl)
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
what is creatine ?
A product of muscle breakdown,
that is completely excreted by the kidney
Creatine clearance equation:
N x (140-age) x weight / Serum creatine
N = 1.23 (male) or 1.04 (female)
What are the 2 main functions of the liver ?
1) Protein production
2) metabolism (including metabolism for many drugs)
Liver cells also known as:
Hepatocytes
how is impaired liver function usually detected ?
Low levels of albumin.
And also low albumin and high bilirubin
what is bilirubiun ?
product of the break down of haemoglobin
- it binds to albumin
As albumin levels of low, he level of bilirubin…. ?
Increases
as less albumin is present to bind to bilirubin, more free bilirubin.
what are the 3 different types of white blood cells ?
1) granulocytes
2) monocytes
3) lymphocytes
what are granulocytes classed as ?
Neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils.
What are monocytes and lymphocytes classed as ?
Agranulocytes.
Function of the different types of defence cells : (5)
neutrophils for : infection and tissue necrosis
basophils: allergies
eosinophils: allergies
monocytes: infection
lymphocytes : viral infections
erythropoiesis ?
Formation of red blood cells in the bone marrow.
Leukaemia ?
excessive number of abnormal white blood cells
Anaemia ?
deficiency of red blood cells.
What is haemostasis ?
Process of stopping bleeding and start clotting of blood.
What is thrombocytopenia ?
Low level of platelets
What is the erthyrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) :
The rate at which blood cells settle out of venuous blood
What is CRP :
C Reactive Protein
- helps to indicate inflammation or infection
what are the 4 stages of the “Calgary Cambridge model” ?
1) initiation
2) Information
3) Explanation and planning
4) Closing
what does Socrates stand for ?
1) Site
2) onset
3) Character
4) radiation
5) associations
6) timing/duration
7)Exacerbating/alleviating factors
8) Severity
Define medicines reconciliation ?
Identifying and listing the medications taken by a patient
and comparing them with the ones they currently use.
- recognising any discrepancies
- documenting any changes
what info must be taken for each drug (medicines reconciliation) ?
1) Name
2) Strength
3) Form
4) Dosage
5) Frequency
6) Route of admin
7) Duration of admin
- also the indication of the med
- also allergies
- any side effects
- any difficulties taking the medication
- any recreational
- also ask about any OTC/herbal stuff
