Professional Issues

Question 1

The ASPPB’s E.Passport is:

A. a requirement for providing telepsychology services across jurisdictional lines.
B. a requirement for providing in-person, face-to-face services in other jurisdictions.
C. an online application management system used to store credentials.
D. a method for helping licensed psychologists obtain licensure in other jurisdictions.

Answer 1

A. a requirement for providing telepsychology services across jurisdictional lines.

For psychologists licensed in a PSYPACT jurisdiction to provide telepsychology services to clients in other PSYPACT jurisdictions, they must obtain an E.Passport from the ASPPB and an Authority to Practice Interjurisdictional Telepsychology (APIT) from the PSYPACT Commission. [Answer C describes PSY|PRO, and answer D describes the Certificate of Professional Qualification in Psychology (CPQ).]

Question 2

Interjurisdictional telesupervision occurs when a supervisor who resides in one state, province, or country provides supervision to an intern who is temporarily or permanently residing in a different state, province, or country via phone, videoconferencing, or other telecommunication technology. The ASPPB Supervision Guidelines for Education and Training Leading to Licensure as a Health Service Psychologist:

A. does not address interjurisdictional telesupervision.
B. prohibits interjurisdictional telesupervision except in emergency situations.
C. allows interjurisdictional telesupervision only when the supervisor is licensed in all jurisdictions.
D. permits interjurisdictional telesupervision for delegated (but not primary) supervisors.

Answer 2

B. prohibits interjurisdictional telesupervision except in emergency situations.

This is the best answer because the Supervision Guidelines explicitly states that interjurisdictional telepsychology supervision is not permitted except in emergency situations.

Question 3

As a fact witness in a legal proceeding, a psychologist:

A. is expected to offer his/her opinion about a defendant’s potential for future violence.
B. can offer his/her opinion about a defendant’s potential for future violence only with authorization from the defendant.
C. can offer his/her opinion about a defendant’s potential for future violence only if he/she has relevant education, training, and experience to do so.
D. cannot offer his/her opinion about a defendant’s potential for future violence.

Answer 3

D. cannot offer his/her opinion about a defendant’s potential for future violence.

Fact witnesses testify about the facts – i.e., about what they have observed. It is expert witnesses who offer opinions.

Question 4

Professional Issues

what 4 conditions must be met for a client to succeed in a claim of malpractice against a psychologist?

Answer 4

1) duty: The psychologist must have had a professional relationship with the client that established the psychologist’s duty to conform to a professional standard of care
2) dereliction: There was a dereliction or breach of the duty on the part of the psychologist
3) direct cause of harm to client: 1) client suffered injury or harm as a result of this dereliction or breach and 2) psychologist’s dereliction or breach of duty was the direct or proximate cause of the person’s harm or injury

Question 5

Professional Issues

list the APA’s guidelines for responding to a subpoena

Answer 5

1) determine if the subpoena is legally valid.
2) if the subpoena is legally valid, a formal response is required, but you should first contact the client to discuss the possible implications of providing the requested information
3) if the client authorizes you to release the information, contact the party who issued the subpoena to see if they are willing to withdraw or limit the request
4) if the attempt to negotiate with the requester is unsuccessful, seek guidance from the court informally by letter or formally with a motion to quash the subpoena or a protective order
5) if requested to provide information about the client in court or at a deposition and you do not have the client’s authorization to do so, assert the psychotherapist-patient privilege on the client’s behalf and reveal the information only with the client’s authorization or a court order

Question 6

Professional Issues

list 1 reason a subpoena might be invalid

Answer 6

it was improperly served

Question 7

Professional Issues

this forensic psychology legal term varies from jurisdiction to jurisdiction and generally means a defendent failed to appreciate or understand that certain actions…. [were] wrong in a legal or moral sense at the time of the crime

Answer 7

insanity (i.e., “not guilty by reason of insanity”)

In some jurisdictions, “not guilty by reason of insanity” is replaced by “guilty but insane,” “guilty but mentally ill,” or other alternative.

Question 8

Professional Issues

in the U.S., the insanity defense is used in only what percentage of all criminal cases & is successful what percentage of the time

Answer 8

1%
25%

Question 9

Professional Issues

this forensic psychology legal term refers to a defendant’s current mental status

Answer 9

competency

Question 10

Professional Issues

what types of forensic psychology evaluations are the most common?

Answer 10

competency to stand trial

Question 11

Professional Issues

these forensic psychology evaluations invlolve assessing the ability of defendants to “cooperate with their attorneys and… understand the charges and proceedings against them

Answer 11

competency to stand trial

Question 12

Professional Issues

list 5 methods of evaluating competency to stand trial

Answer 12

• clinical interview
• mental status exam
• psychological tests (e.g., MMPI-2, WAIS-IV
• review of collateral information
• competency specific test

Question 13

Professional Issues

list other criminal competencies aside from competency to stand trial

Answer 13

• competency to refuse the insanity defense
• competency to plead guilty
• competency to waive the right to counsel

Question 14

Professional Issues

evaluations of civil competencies generally focus on an individual’s abiltiy to ____ and include assessing competency to make a will, enter into a contract, and make medical decisions

Answer 14

understand any information that is relevant to making an everyday decision

Question 15

Professional Issues

this type of witness testifies to what they have seen, heard, or otherwise observed regarding a circumstance, event, or occurrence as it actually took place and is generally not allowed to offer opinion, address issues that they do not have personal knowledge of, or respond to hypothetical questions

Answer 15

fact witness

Question 16

Professional Issues

this type of witness is a person who by reason of education or specialized experience possesses superior knowledge respecting a subject about which persons having no particular training are incapable of forming an accurate opinion or deducing correct conclusions and are allowed to offer opinions and testimony about hypothetical situations

Answer 16

expert witness

Question 17

Professional Issues

this forensic psychology legal concept was coined by Shneidman (1994), who described its primary function to be clarifying deaths that were equivocal with regard to the manner of death and was expanded by La Fon (1999) to include 2 types: equivocal death and suicide.

Answer 17

psychological autopsy

Question 19

Professional Issues

this term refers to a type of psychology autopsy used when the manner of a person’s death is ambiguous and involves collecting the information needed to classify the manner of death as suicide, accident, homicide, natural cause, or undetermined.

Answer 19

equivocal death psychological autopsy (EDPA)

Question 20

Professional Issues

this term refers to a type of psychological autopsy used to identify the psychosocial factors that contributed to a person’s suicide; typically conducted for forensic & research purposes

Answer 20

suicide psychological autopsy (SPA)

Question 21

Professional Issues

suicide psychological autopsies help resolve questions related to the following legal issues…

Answer 21

• insurance claims
• contested wills
• malpractice claims
• worker’s compensation

Question 22

Professional Issues

suicide psychological autopsies help researcher’s identify the following…

Answer 22

• suicide risk factors
• methods of prevention

Question 23

suicide psychological autopsies help clinicians by…

Answer 23

• providing information that helps family members understand the deceased’s state of mind at the time of death
• facilitating their grieving process

Question 24

Professional Issues

information re: suicide psychological autopsies is obtained from multiple sources including the following….

Answer 24

• the crime scene
• medical & police records
• records left by the deceased persons (e.g., suicide. note, letters & emails, bank accounts, employee or student records)
• interviews with family members, close friends, & co-workers

Question 25

Professional Issues

list 3 common criticisms of psychological autopsy

Answer 25

1) a lack of standardization procedures
2) limited empirical evidence for its reliability & validity
3) the potential that obtained information is incomplete, inconsistent, and/or biased

Question 26

Professional Issues

psychological autopsy is accepted as the basis of expert testimony in some (civil/criminal) cases, but is unlikely to be accepted in (civil/criminal) cases.

Answer 26

civil; criminal

Question 27

Professional Issues

to avoid using age-related biased language, individuals 12 years of age or younger should be referred to as…? individuals 13 to 17 years old should be referred to as…? individuals 18 years and older should be referred to as…? individuals aged 65 and older should be referred to as…?

What age-related terms should be avoided?

Answer 27

• child, girl, or boy
• young person or adolescent
• adult, woman, man
• older adult or “65 years of age and older
• elderly, senior citizens, the aged

Question 28

Professional Issues

Responding to Negative Online Reviews
The appropriate response to these reviews is not addressed in ethical guidelines but has been addressed elsewhere.
* responding directly to negative reviews on a website is likely to violate ethical responsibilities and HIPAA’s privacy rule, and that counteracting negative reviews by soliciting
* Chamberlin’s (2014) recommendation is to reduce the effects of negative reviews by establishing a positive online presence
(e.g., by posting patient-satisfaction ratings or positive evaluations from colleagues and supervisors

She also notes that, when a psychologist receives several negative reviews, this might suggest that consultation would be useful to determine if the psychologist needs to make some changes in his/her practice.

Question 29

Telepsychology – Interjurisdictional Practice
when jurisdictions are not part of PSYPACT, before providing telepsychology services across jurisdictions, psychologists must determine the legal requirements for telepsychology in the jurisdictions where they and the client are located at the time services will be provided
* e.g., some states require in-state licensure for providing telepsychology to clients permanently or temporarily located in those states
* e.g., other states allow psychologists licensed in a different state to provide telepsychology services to clients located in those states for a limited number of days.

consider several factors:
they should be familiar with:
* law related to child and elder abuse reporting
* law related to the duty to warn or protect
* law related to civil commitment in the jurisdictions where their clients are located.
* local crisis resources that are available to clients in emergency situations

psychologists must initiate contact with the client while they are physically located in their home states and that their scope of practice is limited to the scope of practice for psychologists licensed in the client’s state.

Question 30

Professional Issues

this is ASPPB’s interjurisdictional aggreement that allows psychologists who have a doctoral degree in psychology and an active, unrestricted license in a compact state to legally provide professional services to clients in other compact states via telepsychology or on a temporary in-person, face-to-fact bases without being licensed in those states

Answer 30

PSYPACT

Question 31

Professional Issues

licensed psychologists in compact states who wish to provide telepsychology services to clients in other compact states must obtain these 2 things

Answer 31

1) E.Passport from the ASPPB
2) an Authority to Practice Interjurisdictional Telepsychology (APIT) from the PSYPACT Commission

Question 32

Professional Issues

psychologists in compact states who wish to provide face-to-face services on a temporary basis to clients in other compact states, they must obtain these 2 things

Answer 32

1) an Interjurisdiction Practice Certificate (IPC) from the ASPPB
2) a Temporary Authorization to Practice (TAP) from the PSYPACT Commission

Question 33

Professional Issues

psychologists who have obtained PSYPACT & ASPPB approval to provide temporary face-to-face in-person services to clients in other compact states, how many days are they permitted to provide these services assuming they are not licensed in that state

Answer 33

30-days

Question 34

Professional Issues

list the 3 types of accreditation

Answer 34

1) national
2) regional
3) specialized

Question 35

Professional Issues

these 2 types of accreditation applies to entire institutions and all of its programs

Answer 35

national & regional

Question 36

Professional Issues

this type of accreditation is also known as program accreditation and applies to 1) a particular department, school, or program (e.g., a department of psychology, a school of behavioral sciences, or a program in clinical psychology) and 2) an entire freestanding institution (e.g., a professional school of psychology)

Answer 36

specialized

Question 37

Professional Issues

list the general procedures for accreditation

Answer 37

• a self-study
• a peer review & site visit by an outside team
• preparation of a comprehensive report by the team

Question 38

Professional Issues

types of accreditation outcomes

Answer 38

awared, renew, deny, revoke, or accredit on contingency or probation

Question 39

Professional Issues

the APA Commission on Accreditation (APA-CoA) is responsible for which type of accreditation? List examples

Answer 39

specialized
* doc programs in clinical, counseling, school psych
* doc internships in those areas
* postdoc residencies in those areas
* specialty practice areas (e.g., neuropsychology & forensic psychology)

Question 40

Professional Issues

this was a model for Journal Article Reporting Standards (JARS) and was developed by medical experts as guidelines for reporting randomized control trials.

Answer 40

Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT)

Question 41

Professional Issues

Journal Article Reporting Standards (JARS) indicates that the abstract for a meta-analysis should provide what information?

Answer 41

• the study’s objectives
• eligibility criteria for a study’s inclusion in the analysis
• statistical and other methods used to synthesize the studies included in the analysis
• the results of the meta-analysis (primary outcomes & effect sizes & confidence intervals)
• conclusions

Question 42

Professional Issues

this type of supervision is referred to a metatheoretical approach that explicitly identifies the knowledge, skills, and attitudes that comprise clinical competencies, informes learning strategies and evaluation procedures, and meets criterion-referenced competence standards consistent with evidence-based practices (regulations), and the local/cultural clinical setting

Answer 42

competency-based supervision

Question 43

Professional Issues

this type of supervisor is a psychologist licensed at the doctoral level in the jurisdiction where they provide supervision and “has ultimate responsibility for the services provided by supervisees and the quality of the supervised experiences”

Answer 43

primary supervisor

Question 44

Professional Issues

this type of supervisor is a “licensed health practitioner” who assumes certain supervisory responsibilities

Answer 44

delegated supervisor

Question 45

Professional Issues

telesupervision at the practicum, doctoral, and post-doctoral levels shall not account for more than ____% of a supervisee’s supervision

Answer 45

50%

Question 46

Professional Issues

when using one of these types of supervision models, theoretical orientation informs the observation and selection of clinical data for discussion in supervision as well as the meanings and relevance of those data

Answer 46

psychotherapy-based supervision models

Question 47

Professional Issues

this approach to supervision uses a psychotherapy-based model and focuses on the relationship between the supervisor & supervisee rather than the process of supervision and involves providing the conditions of empathy, genuineness, & unconditional positive regard

Answer 47

person-centered supervision

Question 48

Professional Issues

this approach to supervision uses a psychotherapy-based model and is structured by the following components: check-in, building a bridge to the last session, setting & working through an agenda, summarizing, assigning homework, and getting feedback; often incorporates techniques such as establishing a collaborative relationship, behavioral rehearsal, Socratic questioning, and guided imagery

Answer 48

cognitive-behavioral supervision

Question 49

Professional Issues

these models of supervision are based on the assumption that “supervisees progress through stages as they develop their clinical skills and that supervisees require different supervisory responses as the supervisees move through these stages

Answer 49

developmental supervision models

Question 50

Professional Issues

this approach to supervision uses a developmental model to distinguish between 3 levels of supervisee development that are characterized by different degrees of self-other awareness, motivation, autonomy

Answer 50

integrated developmental model (IDM)

Question 51

Professional Issues

the integrated development model (IDM) characterizes this level of supervisee as focused on themselves but engaged in limited self-evaluation, high in motivation, anxious about evaluation, very dependent on supervisor

Answer 51

Level 1 supervisee

Question 52

Professional Issues

according to the IDM model of supervision, a Level 1 supervisee would benefit from focusing on…

Answer 52

• developing a relationship
• providing structure and support
• helping the supervisee acquire skills

Question 53

Professional Issues

the integrated development model (IDM) characterizes this level of supervisee as better able to focus on their clients and exhibit empathy, having fluctuating levels of motivation and confidence, and vaciliating between autonomy & dependence

Answer 53

Level 2

Question 54

Professional Issues

according to the IDM model of supervision, a Level 2 supervisee would benefit from focusing on…

Answer 54

• less structure
• share responsibility with the supervisee
• provide support & constructive feedback

Question 55

Professional Issues

the integrated development model (IDM) characterizes this level of supervisee as able to stay focused on a client while attending to their own reactions to the client, consistent in terms of motivation, and confident about their own skills & judgement

Answer 55

Level 3

Question 56

Professional Issues

according to the IDM model of supervision, a Level 3 supervisee would benefit from focusing on…

Answer 56

• adpoting a collegial role
• fostering the supervisee’s independence

Question 57

Professional Issues

these models of supervision were developed to provide descriptions of the component roles, tasks, and processes within supervision and as a means to uniformly classify events occurring in supervision

Answer 57

process-based models

aka social role models

Question 58

Professional Issues

this approach to supervision uses a process-based model to distinguish between 3 focus areas for supervision (i.e., intervention (process) skills, conceptualization skills, & personalization skills) and 3 supervisor roles (i.e., educator, counselor, and consultant).

Answer 58

Bandura’s discrimination model

Question 59

Professional Issues

list the 3 focus areas of supervision according to the discrimination model

Answer 59

• intevention (process) skills
• conceptualization skills
• personalization skills

Question 60

Professional Issues

a supervisee is unaware that his client is sexually attracted to him

according to Bandura’s (1979, 1997) discrimination model of supervision, which of the 3 focus areas does this scenario apply to and what role should the supervisor adopt

Answer 60

• personalization skills
• the role of counselor (to help the supervisee confront his own sexuality & determine what is causing his failure to recognize the client’s sexual cues

Question 60

Professional Issues

a supervisee would like to use exposure therapy to treat a client’s specific phobia but doesn’t have the skills to do so.
according to Bandura’s (1979, 1997) discrimination model of supervision, which of the 3 focus areas does this scenario apply to and what role should the supervisor adopt

Answer 60

• intervention skills
• role of educator (to teach the supervisee the techniques of exposure therapy)