Professional Issues Flashcards
The ASPPB’s E.Passport is:
A. a requirement for providing telepsychology services across jurisdictional lines.
B. a requirement for providing in-person, face-to-face services in other jurisdictions.
C. an online application management system used to store credentials.
D. a method for helping licensed psychologists obtain licensure in other jurisdictions.
A. a requirement for providing telepsychology services across jurisdictional lines.
For psychologists licensed in a PSYPACT jurisdiction to provide telepsychology services to clients in other PSYPACT jurisdictions, they must obtain an E.Passport from the ASPPB and an Authority to Practice Interjurisdictional Telepsychology (APIT) from the PSYPACT Commission. [Answer C describes PSY|PRO, and answer D describes the Certificate of Professional Qualification in Psychology (CPQ).]
Interjurisdictional telesupervision occurs when a supervisor who resides in one state, province, or country provides supervision to an intern who is temporarily or permanently residing in a different state, province, or country via phone, videoconferencing, or other telecommunication technology. The ASPPB Supervision Guidelines for Education and Training Leading to Licensure as a Health Service Psychologist:
A. does not address interjurisdictional telesupervision.
B. prohibits interjurisdictional telesupervision except in emergency situations.
C. allows interjurisdictional telesupervision only when the supervisor is licensed in all jurisdictions.
D. permits interjurisdictional telesupervision for delegated (but not primary) supervisors.
B. prohibits interjurisdictional telesupervision except in emergency situations.
This is the best answer because the Supervision Guidelines explicitly states that interjurisdictional telepsychology supervision is not permitted except in emergency situations.
As a fact witness in a legal proceeding, a psychologist:
A. is expected to offer his/her opinion about a defendant’s potential for future violence.
B. can offer his/her opinion about a defendant’s potential for future violence only with authorization from the defendant.
C. can offer his/her opinion about a defendant’s potential for future violence only if he/she has relevant education, training, and experience to do so.
D. cannot offer his/her opinion about a defendant’s potential for future violence.
D. cannot offer his/her opinion about a defendant’s potential for future violence.
Fact witnesses testify about the facts – i.e., about what they have observed. It is expert witnesses who offer opinions.
Professional Issues
what 4 conditions must be met for a client to succeed in a claim of malpractice against a psychologist?
1) duty: The psychologist must have had a professional relationship with the client that established the psychologist’s duty to conform to a professional standard of care
2) dereliction: There was a dereliction or breach of the duty on the part of the psychologist
3) direct cause of harm to client: 1) client suffered injury or harm as a result of this dereliction or breach and 2) psychologist’s dereliction or breach of duty was the direct or proximate cause of the person’s harm or injury
Professional Issues
list the APA’s guidelines for responding to a subpoena
1) determine if the subpoena is legally valid.
2) if the subpoena is legally valid, a formal response is required, but you should first contact the client to discuss the possible implications of providing the requested information
3) if the client authorizes you to release the information, contact the party who issued the subpoena to see if they are willing to withdraw or limit the request
4) if the attempt to negotiate with the requester is unsuccessful, seek guidance from the court informally by letter or formally with a motion to quash the subpoena or a protective order
5) if requested to provide information about the client in court or at a deposition and you do not have the client’s authorization to do so, assert the psychotherapist-patient privilege on the client’s behalf and reveal the information only with the client’s authorization or a court order
Professional Issues
list 1 reason a subpoena might be invalid
it was improperly served
Professional Issues
this forensic psychology legal term varies from jurisdiction to jurisdiction and generally means a defendent failed to appreciate or understand that certain actions…. [were] wrong in a legal or moral sense at the time of the crime
insanity (i.e., “not guilty by reason of insanity”)
In some jurisdictions, “not guilty by reason of insanity” is replaced by “guilty but insane,” “guilty but mentally ill,” or other alternative.
Professional Issues
in the U.S., the insanity defense is used in only what percentage of all criminal cases & is successful what percentage of the time
1%
25%
Professional Issues
this forensic psychology legal term refers to a defendant’s current mental status
competency
Professional Issues
what types of forensic psychology evaluations are the most common?
competency to stand trial
Professional Issues
these forensic psychology evaluations invlolve assessing the ability of defendants to “cooperate with their attorneys and… understand the charges and proceedings against them
competency to stand trial
Professional Issues
list 5 methods of evaluating competency to stand trial
- clinical interview
- mental status exam
- psychological tests (e.g., MMPI-2, WAIS-IV
- review of collateral information
- competency specific test
Professional Issues
list other criminal competencies aside from competency to stand trial
- competency to refuse the insanity defense
- competency to plead guilty
- competency to waive the right to counsel
Professional Issues
evaluations of civil competencies generally focus on an individual’s abiltiy to ____ and include assessing competency to make a will, enter into a contract, and make medical decisions
understand any information that is relevant to making an everyday decision
Professional Issues
this type of witness testifies to what they have seen, heard, or otherwise observed regarding a circumstance, event, or occurrence as it actually took place and is generally not allowed to offer opinion, address issues that they do not have personal knowledge of, or respond to hypothetical questions
fact witness
Professional Issues
this type of witness is a person who by reason of education or specialized experience possesses superior knowledge respecting a subject about which persons having no particular training are incapable of forming an accurate opinion or deducing correct conclusions and are allowed to offer opinions and testimony about hypothetical situations
expert witness
Professional Issues
this forensic psychology legal concept was coined by Shneidman (1994), who described its primary function to be clarifying deaths that were equivocal with regard to the manner of death and was expanded by La Fon (1999) to include 2 types: equivocal death and suicide.
psychological autopsy
Professional Issues
this term refers to a type of psychology autopsy used when the manner of a person’s death is ambiguous and involves collecting the information needed to classify the manner of death as suicide, accident, homicide, natural cause, or undetermined.
equivocal death psychological autopsy (EDPA)
Professional Issues
this term refers to a type of psychological autopsy used to identify the psychosocial factors that contributed to a person’s suicide; typically conducted for forensic & research purposes
suicide psychological autopsy (SPA)
Professional Issues
suicide psychological autopsies help resolve questions related to the following legal issues…
- insurance claims
- contested wills
- malpractice claims
- worker’s compensation
Professional Issues
suicide psychological autopsies help researcher’s identify the following…
- suicide risk factors
- methods of prevention
suicide psychological autopsies help clinicians by…
- providing information that helps family members understand the deceased’s state of mind at the time of death
- facilitating their grieving process
Professional Issues
information re: suicide psychological autopsies is obtained from multiple sources including the following….
- the crime scene
- medical & police records
- records left by the deceased persons (e.g., suicide. note, letters & emails, bank accounts, employee or student records)
- interviews with family members, close friends, & co-workers
Professional Issues
list 3 common criticisms of psychological autopsy
1) a lack of standardization procedures
2) limited empirical evidence for its reliability & validity
3) the potential that obtained information is incomplete, inconsistent, and/or biased
Professional Issues
psychological autopsy is accepted as the basis of expert testimony in some (civil/criminal) cases, but is unlikely to be accepted in (civil/criminal) cases.
civil; criminal
Professional Issues
to avoid using age-related biased language, individuals 12 years of age or younger should be referred to as…? individuals 13 to 17 years old should be referred to as…? individuals 18 years and older should be referred to as…? individuals aged 65 and older should be referred to as…?
What age-related terms should be avoided?
- child, girl, or boy
- young person or adolescent
- adult, woman, man
- older adult or “65 years of age and older
- elderly, senior citizens, the aged
Professional Issues
Responding to Negative Online Reviews
The appropriate response to these reviews is not addressed in ethical guidelines but has been addressed elsewhere.
* responding directly to negative reviews on a website is likely to violate ethical responsibilities and HIPAA’s privacy rule, and that counteracting negative reviews by soliciting
* Chamberlin’s (2014) recommendation is to reduce the effects of negative reviews by establishing a positive online presence
(e.g., by posting patient-satisfaction ratings or positive evaluations from colleagues and supervisors
She also notes that, when a psychologist receives several negative reviews, this might suggest that consultation would be useful to determine if the psychologist needs to make some changes in his/her practice.
Telepsychology – Interjurisdictional Practice
when jurisdictions are not part of PSYPACT, before providing telepsychology services across jurisdictions, psychologists must determine the legal requirements for telepsychology in the jurisdictions where they and the client are located at the time services will be provided
* e.g., some states require in-state licensure for providing telepsychology to clients permanently or temporarily located in those states
* e.g., other states allow psychologists licensed in a different state to provide telepsychology services to clients located in those states for a limited number of days.
consider several factors:
they should be familiar with:
* law related to child and elder abuse reporting
* law related to the duty to warn or protect
* law related to civil commitment in the jurisdictions where their clients are located.
* local crisis resources that are available to clients in emergency situations
psychologists must initiate contact with the client while they are physically located in their home states and that their scope of practice is limited to the scope of practice for psychologists licensed in the client’s state.
Professional Issues
this is ASPPB’s interjurisdictional aggreement that allows psychologists who have a doctoral degree in psychology and an active, unrestricted license in a compact state to legally provide professional services to clients in other compact states via telepsychology or on a temporary in-person, face-to-fact bases without being licensed in those states
PSYPACT
Professional Issues
licensed psychologists in compact states who wish to provide telepsychology services to clients in other compact states must obtain these 2 things
1) E.Passport from the ASPPB
2) an Authority to Practice Interjurisdictional Telepsychology (APIT) from the PSYPACT Commission
Professional Issues
psychologists in compact states who wish to provide face-to-face services on a temporary basis to clients in other compact states, they must obtain these 2 things
1) an Interjurisdiction Practice Certificate (IPC) from the ASPPB
2) a Temporary Authorization to Practice (TAP) from the PSYPACT Commission
Professional Issues
psychologists who have obtained PSYPACT & ASPPB approval to provide temporary face-to-face in-person services to clients in other compact states, how many days are they permitted to provide these services assuming they are not licensed in that state
30-days
Professional Issues
list the 3 types of accreditation
1) national
2) regional
3) specialized
Professional Issues
these 2 types of accreditation applies to entire institutions and all of its programs
national & regional
Professional Issues
this type of accreditation is also known as program accreditation and applies to 1) a particular department, school, or program (e.g., a department of psychology, a school of behavioral sciences, or a program in clinical psychology) and 2) an entire freestanding institution (e.g., a professional school of psychology)
specialized
Professional Issues
list the general procedures for accreditation
- a self-study
- a peer review & site visit by an outside team
- preparation of a comprehensive report by the team
Professional Issues
types of accreditation outcomes
awared, renew, deny, revoke, or accredit on contingency or probation
Professional Issues
the APA Commission on Accreditation (APA-CoA) is responsible for which type of accreditation? List examples
specialized
* doc programs in clinical, counseling, school psych
* doc internships in those areas
* postdoc residencies in those areas
* specialty practice areas (e.g., neuropsychology & forensic psychology)
Professional Issues
this was a model for Journal Article Reporting Standards (JARS) and was developed by medical experts as guidelines for reporting randomized control trials.
Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT)
Professional Issues
Journal Article Reporting Standards (JARS) indicates that the abstract for a meta-analysis should provide what information?
- the study’s objectives
- eligibility criteria for a study’s inclusion in the analysis
- statistical and other methods used to synthesize the studies included in the analysis
- the results of the meta-analysis (primary outcomes & effect sizes & confidence intervals)
- conclusions
Professional Issues
this type of supervision is referred to a metatheoretical approach that explicitly identifies the knowledge, skills, and attitudes that comprise clinical competencies, informes learning strategies and evaluation procedures, and meets criterion-referenced competence standards consistent with evidence-based practices (regulations), and the local/cultural clinical setting
competency-based supervision
Professional Issues
this type of supervisor is a psychologist licensed at the doctoral level in the jurisdiction where they provide supervision and “has ultimate responsibility for the services provided by supervisees and the quality of the supervised experiences”
primary supervisor
Professional Issues
this type of supervisor is a “licensed health practitioner” who assumes certain supervisory responsibilities
delegated supervisor
Professional Issues
telesupervision at the practicum, doctoral, and post-doctoral levels shall not account for more than ____% of a supervisee’s supervision
50%
Professional Issues
when using one of these types of supervision models, theoretical orientation informs the observation and selection of clinical data for discussion in supervision as well as the meanings and relevance of those data
psychotherapy-based supervision models
Professional Issues
this approach to supervision uses a psychotherapy-based model and focuses on the relationship between the supervisor & supervisee rather than the process of supervision and involves providing the conditions of empathy, genuineness, & unconditional positive regard
person-centered supervision
Professional Issues
this approach to supervision uses a psychotherapy-based model and is structured by the following components: check-in, building a bridge to the last session, setting & working through an agenda, summarizing, assigning homework, and getting feedback; often incorporates techniques such as establishing a collaborative relationship, behavioral rehearsal, Socratic questioning, and guided imagery
cognitive-behavioral supervision
Professional Issues
these models of supervision are based on the assumption that “supervisees progress through stages as they develop their clinical skills and that supervisees require different supervisory responses as the supervisees move through these stages
developmental supervision models
Professional Issues
this approach to supervision uses a developmental model to distinguish between 3 levels of supervisee development that are characterized by different degrees of self-other awareness, motivation, autonomy
integrated developmental model (IDM)
Professional Issues
the integrated development model (IDM) characterizes this level of supervisee as focused on themselves but engaged in limited self-evaluation, high in motivation, anxious about evaluation, very dependent on supervisor
Level 1 supervisee
Professional Issues
according to the IDM model of supervision, a Level 1 supervisee would benefit from focusing on…
- developing a relationship
- providing structure and support
- helping the supervisee acquire skills
Professional Issues
the integrated development model (IDM) characterizes this level of supervisee as better able to focus on their clients and exhibit empathy, having fluctuating levels of motivation and confidence, and vaciliating between autonomy & dependence
Level 2
Professional Issues
according to the IDM model of supervision, a Level 2 supervisee would benefit from focusing on…
- less structure
- share responsibility with the supervisee
- provide support & constructive feedback
Professional Issues
the integrated development model (IDM) characterizes this level of supervisee as able to stay focused on a client while attending to their own reactions to the client, consistent in terms of motivation, and confident about their own skills & judgement
Level 3
Professional Issues
according to the IDM model of supervision, a Level 3 supervisee would benefit from focusing on…
- adpoting a collegial role
- fostering the supervisee’s independence
Professional Issues
these models of supervision were developed to provide descriptions of the component roles, tasks, and processes within supervision and as a means to uniformly classify events occurring in supervision
process-based models
aka social role models
Professional Issues
this approach to supervision uses a process-based model to distinguish between 3 focus areas for supervision (i.e., intervention (process) skills, conceptualization skills, & personalization skills) and 3 supervisor roles (i.e., educator, counselor, and consultant).
Bandura’s discrimination model
Professional Issues
list the 3 focus areas of supervision according to the discrimination model
- intevention (process) skills
- conceptualization skills
- personalization skills
Professional Issues
a supervisee is unaware that his client is sexually attracted to him
according to Bandura’s (1979, 1997) discrimination model of supervision, which of the 3 focus areas does this scenario apply to and what role should the supervisor adopt
- personalization skills
- the role of counselor (to help the supervisee confront his own sexuality & determine what is causing his failure to recognize the client’s sexual cues
Professional Issues
a supervisee would like to use exposure therapy to treat a client’s specific phobia but doesn’t have the skills to do so.
according to Bandura’s (1979, 1997) discrimination model of supervision, which of the 3 focus areas does this scenario apply to and what role should the supervisor adopt
- intervention skills
- role of educator (to teach the supervisee the techniques of exposure therapy)
