Production Test Flashcards
The maximum flow rate a well could theoretically deliver with zero pressure at the middle of the perforations
AOFP / absolute open flow potential
A device that uses Pitot tubes to measure the gas flow rate within a pipeline
annubar
Fluid pressure in the annulus between tubing and casing or between two strings of casing
annular pressure
Production of formation fluid through the casing-tubing annulus
annular production
Petroleum with a high content of naphthenic compounds, such as asphaltenes
asphaltic crude / naphthene-base crude oil
A volumetric average of the pressure exerted by the fluids inside the reservoir at a specific depletion stage
average reservoir pressure
Pressure registered on equipment or devices when fluid flows through
backpressure
A volume of fluid that refers to the daily total production of oil and water from a well
BLPD / barrels of liquid per day
A common unit of measurement for the daily volume of crude oil produced by a well or from a field
BOPD / barrels of oil per day
A common unit of measurement for the volume of water produced each day by a well or in a field
BWPD / barrels of water per day
a unit of measurement for large volumes of natural gas
Bcf / billion cubic feet
a unit of measurement for large production rates of natural gas
BcfD /billion cubic feet per day
A fixed choke or a choke with an adjustable needle, sleeve or plate that can be changed to adjust the flow rate
beam / bean
An obstruction in the pipeline, composed of asphaltenes, hydrates, waxes, scale and sand deposited on the internal wall of the pipeline forming a barrier to the normal flow of fluids
blockage
A procedure in which different chemicals are added to bottle samples of an emulsion to determine which chemical is the most effective at breaking, or separating, the emulsion into oil and water
bottle test
A specimen obtained from the bottom part of the tank or lower point in a pipeline
bottom sample
A perforated tubular attached to the subsurface sucker-rod pump that controls the entrance of gas
bottomhole gas separator / gas anchor
measured from a liquid sample of the production stream, includes free water, sediment and emulsion and is measured as a volume percentage of the production stream
BS&W
Several pipes (production or injection, gas lift) that are jointly insulated to keep together production lines
bundle
Compounds or complex ions that are formed by the union of water with other substances
clathrate / hydrate
The flow of different fluids such as oil, gas or water, in a single production stream
composite stream
A natural gas liquid with a low vapor pressure compared with natural gasoline and liquefied petroleum gas
condensate
Hydrocarbons that are in the gaseous phase at reservoir conditions but condense into liquid as they travel up the wellbore and reach separator conditions
condensate liquids
The ratio of the volume of liquid produced to the volume of gas produced
condensate ratio
Part of rod pumping unit installed on the end of the walking beam, opposite to the end over the well, and counterbalances the weight of the sucker rods and the fluid being pumped
counterbalance weight
In sand control operations, the maximum production rate below which the production of solids along with the produced fluid is uniform
critical flow rate
The gas flow rate equivalent to the speed of sound in that fluid
critical gas flow rate
The barrel of the sucker rod pump
cylinder
A unit of measurement established by the American Petroleum Institute (API) that indicates the density of a liquid
degree API
Tests in an oil or gas well to determine its flow capacity at specific conditions of reservoir and flowing pressures
deliverability test / productivity test
An instrument that measures the specific gravity of a mixture of gas, liquid and solids
densimeter / densitometer
The difference between two pressure measurements
differential pressure
The portion of movement of a downhole pump at which the rods are going down and the downhole pump is being filled with fluid
down stroke
Mechanical or electronic devices for measuring various properties in the well such as pressure, fluid flow rate from each branch of a multilateral well, temperature, vibration, composition, fluid flow regime, and fluid holdup
downhole sensors
The difference between the average reservoir pressure and the flowing bottomhole pressure
draw down
The water and heavy hydrocarbons that condense from the gas stream and accumulate in the lower points of the flowlines
drip
The level to which the static fluid level drops in the tubing or casing when the well produced under pumping conditions
dynamic fluid level
An instrument used in sucker-rod pumping to record the variation between the polished rod load and the polished rod displacement
dynamometer
The record made by the dynamometer
dynamometer card
A type of gas-lift valve that allows a gas-lift port size to be adjusted remotely from surface to positions from fully open to closed
electric gas lift valves
Deployed offshore in locations that have limited access to pipelines to carry natural gas to the mainland
FLNG / floating liquefied natural gas vessel
A type of deliverability test conducted in gas wells to generate a stabilized gas deliverability curve (IPR), flowing the well under a constant rate until it reaches stabilized conditions (pseudosteady state)
flow after flow
A surface pipeline carrying oil, gas or water that connects the wellhead to a manifold or to production facilities, such as heater-treaters and separators
flow line
An instrument that measures the flow rate of fluids through a pipeline
flow meter
The flow of oil, gas or water through a pipe
flow stream
A pipe fitting with several lateral outlets for connecting flowlines from one or more wells
flowline manifold
The fluid sample from the wellhead that is used to analyze the composition of the flow
flowstream sample
A phenomenon that occurs when the downhole pump rate exceeds the production rate of the formation
fluid pound
A tool run on wireline to obtain fluid samples and measure formation pressures
fluid tester / wireline formation tester
A high flow rate reached with a new well
flush production
A phenomenon that occurs when gas enters the subsurface sucker-rod pump.
gas interference
The ratio of produced gas to produced liquids (oil and water)
GLR / gas liquid ratio
A condition sometimes encountered in a pumping well when dissolved gas, released from solution during the upstroke of the plunger, appears as free gas between the valves
gas lock
The ratio of produced gas to produced oil
GOR / gas oil ratio
Untreated gas that leaves the well
green gas
The total production of oil, gas or water from a well or field over a specific period of time
gross production
Debris, dirt, paraffin, oil, mill scale and rust removed from a pipeline when a scraper or a pig is used for cleaning purposes
gunk
An artificial-lift system that operates using a downhole pump
hydraulic pumping
Natural gas injected into a formation to maintain or restore reservoir pressure
injection gas
The pressure needed to inject fluid into the formation to pressurize or displace hydrocarbons
injection pressure
Water injected into the reservoir to pressurize and displace hydrocarbons to producing wells
injection water
A procedure conducted to establish the rate and pressure at which fluids can be pumped into the treatment target without fracturing the formation
injectivity test
A device made of rubber or polyurethane that has electronic devices
instrumented pig
A mathematical tool used in production engineering to assess well performance by plotting the well production rate against the flowing bottomhole pressure (BHP)
IPR / inflow performance relationship
A type of deliverability test conducted in gas wells used to generate a stabilized gas deliverability curve (IPR) without actually flowing the well for the time required to achieve stabilized conditions (pseudosteady state)
isochronal test
Liquid condensed by a scrubber following a compression and cooling process
knock out
A test to detect hydrogen sulfide in a fluid by discoloration of a paper moistened with the lead acetate solution
lead acetate test
The determination of the location of a leak in a pipeline
leak detection
Natural gas that contains a few or no liquefiable liquid hydrocarbons / Residual gas, mainly methane and ethane, that remains after the heavier hydrocarbons have been condensed in the wellhead
lean gas / dry gas
A gas condensate with low condensate formation in the reservoir (when the bottomhole pressure is reduced below the dewpoint pressure)
lean gas condensate
Liquid hydrocarbon utilized to remove heavier components from the gas stream in a gas processing plant
lean oil
Crude oil that has a high API gravity, usually more than 40o
light crude oil
Hydrocarbons with low molecular weight such as methane, ethane, propane and butane
light hydrocarbons
Natural gas, mainly methane and ethane, which has been liquefied at cryogenic temperatures
LNG / liquefied natural gas
Gas mainly composed of propane and butane, which has been liquefied at low temperatures and moderate pressures
LPG / liquefied petroleum gas
Liquid compounds such as propanes, butanes, pentanes and heavier products extracted from the gas flowstream
liquid hydrocarbons
Gas injected into a gas-condensate reservoir to maintain the pressure level, thus preventing further condensate dropout
makeup gas
A calibrated tank that automatically measures the liquid volume passing through it
measuring tank / metering tanks / dump tanks
A device used to measure volumes or rates of fluids (liquid or gas)
meter
The operation to adjust the meter to a specific standard
meter calibration
The maximum and the minimum rate of flow specified by the manufacturer to maintain accuracy in the readings
meter capacity
The difference in gas volume registered using two different meters
meter difference
A correction number for the meter, determined by calibrating the meter using an incompressible fluid (liquid)
meter factor
The volume of liquid that is not registered by the meter at a specific flow rate
meter slippage
A compound or complex ion that is formed by the union of water with methane
methane hydrate
A common measure for gas volume, standard conditions are normally set at 60oF and 14.7 psia
MMSCF / million standard cubic feet
A type of deliverability test conducted in gas wells to generate a stabilized gas deliverability curve (IPR), overcomes the limitation of the isochronal test, which requires long shut-in times to reach the average reservoir pressure
modified isochronal test
A tubular placed at the bottom of the subsurface sucker-rod pump and inside the gas anchor to drive the formation fluid with little or no gas into the pump
mosquito bill
Large diameter pipe placed outside the gas anchor to reduce the amount of solids carried by the formation liquid entering the subsurface sucker-rod pump
mud anchor
A device that can register individual fluid flow rates of oil and gas when more than one fluid is flowing through a pipeline
multiphase meter
Crude oil containing asphaltic materials but very little or no paraffin wax
naphthene base crude oil
Components of natural gas that are liquid at surface in field facilities or in gas-processing plants
NGL / natural gas liquids
A natural gas liquid with a vapor pressure intermediate between condensate and liquefied petroleum gas
natural gasoline
The volume of gas produced less gas injected
net gas production
The volume of oil produced less oil injected
net oil production
Contaminants such as hydrogen sulfide [H2S], carbon dioxide [CO2], nitrogen [N2], and water, which are commonly associated with oil and gas production
nonhydrocarbon contaminants
An instrument that records the flow rate of gas through a pipeline
orifice meter
A condition in downhole pumping operations that occurs when the stroke length at the subsurface sucker-rod pump is longer than the surface stroke length (polished rod)
over travel / plunger overtravel
A crude oil containing paraffin wax but very few asphaltic materials
paraffin base crude oil
A situation in which the well and the reservoir are continuously monitored
permanent well monitoring
A device with blades or brushes inserted in a pipeline for cleaning purposes
pig
A spheroid implement used to displace liquid hydrocarbons from natural gas pipelines
pig
To run a scraper, or pig, through a pipeline for cleaning purposes
pig
The trip of a pig through a pipeline for cleaning purposes
pig run
The act of forcing a device called a pig through a pipeline for the purposes of displacing or separating fluids, and cleaning or inspecting the line
pigging
A measuring device for determining the gas-flow rate
Pitot tube
A type of gas-lift method that uses a plunger that goes up and down inside the tubing
plunger lift
A rod shorter than usual, usually placed below the polished rod and used to make a rod string of a desired length
pony rod
Volume of fluid injected in a well during hydraulic pumping
power fluid injection rate
In hydraulic pumping, the crude oil that is pressurized at surface to energize the bottom pump
power oil
The maximum pressure an electrical submersible pump can withstand
pressure capability
Also known as primary recovery, the first stage of hydrocarbon production, in which natural reservoir energy, such as gasdrive, waterdrive or gravity drainage, displaces hydrocarbons from the reservoir, into the wellbore and up to surface. Initially, the reservoir pressure is considerably higher than the bottomhole pressure inside the wellbore
primary production
The first stage of hydrocarbon production, in which natural reservoir energy, such as gasdrive, waterdrive or gravity drainage, displaces hydrocarbons from the reservoir, into the wellbore and up to surface
primary recovery
A procedure that involves sampling gas and liquid at different points across the diameter of pipe to evaluate the degree of stratification at a specific location
profile testing
type of a sucker rod-pumping unit that uses a rotor and a stator
progressive cavity pumping system
The cylinder of the downhole pump
pump barrel
A phenomenon produced when pump submergence into the fluid column is low
pump off
The difference in hydrostatic head between the pump depth and the dynamic fluid level above the pump
pump submergence
The relationship between actual pump displacement and the pump displacement under ideal conditions
pump volumetric efficiency / volumetric efficiency
A component of a production-logging tool that carries a radioactive solution (often carnotite) that can be selectively released into a flow stream
radioactive tracer
The difference between the maximum load reached in the upstroke and the minimum load registered in the downstroke
range of load
Crude oil direct from the wellbore, before it is treated in a gas separation plant
raw crude oil
Gas coming directly from the wellbore containing nonhydrocarbon contaminants and hydrocarbons that can be liquefied
raw natural gas
Injection gas that has returned to surface and it is not reinjected into the gas-lift system
recoverable gas lift gas
An unmanned submersible vehicle controlled from surface
ROV / remotely operated vehicle
Natural forces in the reservoir that displace hydrocarbons out of the reservoir into the wellbore and up to surface
reservoir drive mechanisms
The formation of liquid hydrocarbons in a gas reservoir as the pressure in the reservoir decreases below dewpoint pressure during production
retrograde condensation
Natural gas containing heavier hydrocarbons than a lean gas
rich gas
Gas condensate comprising significant amounts of heavy hydrocarbon products, which can produce relatively large volumes of condensate
rich gas condensate
Lean oil that has absorbed heavier hydrocarbon components from a gas stream
rich oil
A gas-lift system that recycles the injected gas using compressors
rotational gas lift
A swabbing device used to clean up sand that has accumulated in the wellbore
sand bailer
A platform on which surface multiphase pumps can be mounted and connected to subsea multiphase pumps
satellite platform
To remove impurities, water, liquid hydrocarbons or traces of other gases by passing the gas flowstream through a scrubber, a device in which the gas is mixed with a suitable liquid that absorbs or washes out the constituent to be removed
scrub
A device to remove dirt, water, foreign matter, or undesired liquids that are part of the gas flowstream
scrubber
Oil recovered from a knockout or scrubber device
scrubber oil
The pressure required to force fluids to enter a separator
separator backpressure
The gas that remains after its separation from condensate
separator gas
The mixture of liquid samples taken from the upper, middle and lower sections of a storage tank
single tank composite sample
A substance added at slow rate to the production fluid stream to prevent corrosion
slow release inhibitor
A type of flow in which surface equipment may be damaged by the sudden impact of a liquid slug in a phenomenon called water hammer
slug flow
Accumulation of a water, oil or condensate in a gas pipeline
slugging
A chemical used to break emulsions to determine the total amount of sediment and water in the samples
slugging compound
An acoustic device that measures the time required for an explosive sound to echo from the annular liquid level in nonflowing wells
sonolog
A crude oil containing hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide or mercaptans
sour crude oil
A gas containing hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide or mercaptans, all of which are extremely harmful
sour gas
A production logging method that uses a small propeller turned by fluid movement
spin flowmeter
A term describing a flowing well when its rate of production through a given choke size remains constant, or in the case of a pumping well, when the fluid column within the well remains constant in height
stabilized
In a subsurface sucker-rod pump, a valve that permits flow up the tubing to fill the pump-barrel chamber while preventing downward flow
standing valve
The level to which fluid rises in a well when the well is shut in
static fluid level
A device used to catch and hold the debris flowing in pipelines
strainer
In a sucker-rod pump, one complete round of the polished rod (surface stroke)
stroke
The number of strokes the polished rod completes in one minute
strokes per minute
Light crude oil containing sulfur compounds such as hydrogen sulfide
sulfur light crude
Oil containing small amounts of hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide
sweet crude oil
Natural gas that contains small amounts of hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide
sweet gas
A temperature data set taken at various depths in the wellbore
temperature survey
a common measure for volume of gas, standard conditions are normally set at 60oF and 14.7 psia
TSCF / thousand standard cubic feet per day
In a subsurface sucker-rod pump, the valve that closes the barrel chamber allowing the trapped fluid to be lifted in the upstroke of the pump
traveling valve
Pressure on the tubing in a well, as measured at the wellhead
tubing pressure
In sucker-rod pumping, a situation that occurs when thestrokelength at the downhole pump is shorter than the surface stroke length
under travel
Gas that is being stored in salt domes, salt layers or depleted oil and gas fields
underground gas storage
The stage of downhole pumping at which the polished rod is going up and the downhole pump is pumping fluid
upstroke
The ratio of water produced compared to the volume of total liquids produced
water cut
The ratio ofproduced waterto produced oil
water oil ratio
The volume of produced water associated with oil production
water production
The pressure registered in the wellhead of a producing well
wellhead backpressure
Natural gas containing significant heavy hydrocarbons
wet gas
Oil that contains basic sediment and water (BS&W)
wet oil
